Nine-banded armadillos temporally avoid sites visited by domestic dogs and native carnivores

Context: Human-induced habitat loss and fragmentation facilitate the presence of domestic dogs (Canis l. familiaris) in natural habitats, posing risks to native wildlife through predation and competition. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) faces increased vulnerability to dog attacks due to frequent pursuits. Aims: We evaluate the effect of predator presence (exotic and native) on the activity pattern and temporal avoidance behaviour of nine-banded armadillos in the Northeast region of São Paulo state, Brazil. Methods: We analysed camera trap data (2020-2022) for co-occurrence activity between nine-banded armadillos and domestic dogs, and native predators. We also investigated temporal variations between armadillo detections in response to the presence of predators. Key results: Nine-banded armadillos and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) exhibited nocturnal activity, whereas domestic dogs and jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) were diurnal. The activity pattern of nine-banded armadillos remained consistent in the presence of domestic dogs and native predators, although the time between detections increased at sites frequented by dogs and ocelots. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that armadillos may avoid areas frequented by domestic dogs and ocelots over time, even without direct interactions. Implications: Our research may assist conservationists and policymakers in developing domestic dog control to mitigate the impact of domestic dogs on nine-banded armadillos. Controlling domestic dog populations and raising awareness among owners to confine their pets are crucial measures.