Aspectos técnico, econômicos e ecológicos de processos de produção de hidrogênio
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Data
2014-07-01
Autores
Braga, Lúcia Bollini [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As sucessivas crises no setor energético e o aquecimento global têm incentivado pesquisadores a desenvolverem estudos em tecnologias eficientes, e em fontes renováveis, para a geração de energia limpa, que substituam as fontes tradicionais utilizadas atualmente. O hidrogênio é uma importante alternativa para a redução dos impactos ambientais causados pelas emissões de gases provenientes da utilização dos combustíveis de origem fóssil, desde que seja produzido de forma sustentável. Dentre os principais processos de produção de hidrogênio, encontram-se os processos eletrolíticos, fotolíticos e termoquímicos. Neste trabalho de tese foram realizados estudos técnicos, econômicos e ecológicos de processos de produção de hidrogênio, via reforma a vapor de etanol, gás natural e biogás, via eletrólise da água com energia proveniente de fontes renováveis (eólica, fotovoltaica e hidrelétrica) e a partir de algas. Em uma primeira etapa, são apresentadas as considerações iniciais e uma revisão bibliográfica dos processos. Em sequência, é feita a determinação das eficiências energéticas de cada processo de produção de hidrogênio, onde se evidencia, como mais eficiente, a eletrólise utilizando eletricidade de água vertida que seria vertida em hidrelétricas (80%), e menos eficiente, a eletrólise utilizando eletricidade de plantas fotovoltaicas (11,8%). Posteriormente, é realizada análise econômica da produção de hidrogênio e são determinados os custos, em US$/kWh, para cada processo. Neste caso, obteve-se que o processo mais viável é a reforma a vapor de etanol e o menos viável é a eletrólise utilizando eletricidade de plantas fotovoltaicas. Finaliza-se o trabalho de tese com o estudo de impactos ambientais, onde são determinadas as eficiências ecológicas ( ) dos diferentes processos estudados ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
The successive crisis in the energy sector and the global warming have instigated researchers to develop studies in efficient technologies and renewable sources for clean energy generation able to substitute the no-renewable energy sources used presently. The hydrogen as fuel is an important alternative for the reductions of the environmental impact caused by pollutant gas emissions from the no-renewable energy sources utilization; if is produced in a sustainable route. Among the major hydrogen productions process stand the electrolytic, photolytic and thermochemical processes. In this work are conducted technical, economic and ecological studies of the hydrogen production processes through route of steam reforming of ethanol, natural gas and biogas, through the water electrolysis with energy from renewable sources (eolic, photovoltaic and from hydroelectric) and finally through the hydrogen production by algae. Firstly are presented the initial considerations and a literature review regarding the process in study. Subsequently, a technical study for the determination of the energetic efficiency is developed for each hydrogen production process; where was determined as most efficient process, the water electrolysis with hydroelectric energy (80%) and least efficient, the water electrolysis with photovoltaic energy (11.8%). Afterwards was conducted an economical study of the hydrogen production and was determined the hydrogen production costs, in US$/kWh, for each process. As result was obtained that, the most viable process is the ethanol steam reforming and as least viable, the water electrolysis with photovoltaic energy. Finally, was conducted an ecological study, where were determined the ecological efficiencies ( ) of the processes. The biogas steam reforming and the photobiology process using the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae outstand as ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
The successive crisis in the energy sector and the global warming have instigated researchers to develop studies in efficient technologies and renewable sources for clean energy generation able to substitute the no-renewable energy sources used presently. The hydrogen as fuel is an important alternative for the reductions of the environmental impact caused by pollutant gas emissions from the no-renewable energy sources utilization; if is produced in a sustainable route. Among the major hydrogen productions process stand the electrolytic, photolytic and thermochemical processes. In this work are conducted technical, economic and ecological studies of the hydrogen production processes through route of steam reforming of ethanol, natural gas and biogas, through the water electrolysis with energy from renewable sources (eolic, photovoltaic and from hydroelectric) and finally through the hydrogen production by algae. Firstly are presented the initial considerations and a literature review regarding the process in study. Subsequently, a technical study for the determination of the energetic efficiency is developed for each hydrogen production process; where was determined as most efficient process, the water electrolysis with hydroelectric energy (80%) and least efficient, the water electrolysis with photovoltaic energy (11.8%). Afterwards was conducted an economical study of the hydrogen production and was determined the hydrogen production costs, in US$/kWh, for each process. As result was obtained that, the most viable process is the ethanol steam reforming and as least viable, the water electrolysis with photovoltaic energy. Finally, was conducted an ecological study, where were determined the ecological efficiencies ( ) of the processes. The biogas steam reforming and the photobiology process using the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae outstand as ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Hidrogenio, Eletrolise, Energia - Fontes alternativas, Desenvolvimento energetico, Biogas, Hydrogen
Como citar
BRAGA, Lúcia Bollini. Aspectos técnico, econômicos e ecológicos de processos de produção de hidrogênio. 2014. 140 f. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá, 2014.