Nanopartículas, morfologia da nanoestrutura e espectrometria de massa como indicadores da recuperação de um latossolo vermelho
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Data
2016-08-23
Autores
Souto Filho, Sebastião Nilce [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A utilização incorreta do uso e ocupação dos solos agrícolas vêm causando alterações no mesmo, tornando-os menos produtivos, aumentando assim as áreas degradadas. No processo de recuperação de um solo dois pontos são fundamentais: definir as melhores interferências quanto à aceleração do seu processo de reabilitação e, os indicadores mais adequados para diagnosticar a sua qualidade. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as nanopartículas, a morfologia da nanoestrutura e a espectometria de massa de um Latossolo Vermelho em recuperação há oito anos, como indicadores da sua qualidade. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa, da Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira (UNESP), localizada em Selvíria, MS. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos, cinco blocos e três replicações. Os tratamentos foram: solo sob vegetação natural do cerrado, solo sem tratamento para recuperação (solo degradado) e solo cultivado com espécie natival Astronium fraxinifolium Schott+Urochoa decumbens Stapf. + lodo de esgoto (60 t ha-1 base seca). Comparou-se o solo em processo de recuperação com o seu estado natural e degradado. Na camada superficial do solo (0,00-0,05 e de 0,05- 0,10 m) foram quantificadas as nanopartículas (ø <100 nm) e a argila fina (ø <200 nm), assim como a argila total e areia, estudada a morfologia de nanoestruturas por meio de imagens obtidas por microscópio eletrônico de transmissão e realizada análises de espectrometria de massa das condições do solo em estudo. Para auxiliar na interpretação da qualidade do solo foram analisados alguns atributos físicos (porosidade e densidade do solo) e químicos (C, nitrogênio total e hidrogênio). As nanopartículas, e a morfologia de nanoestruturas de um Latossolo Vermelho são melhores indicadores que os atributos físicos e químicos estudados. A espectrometria de massa é eficaz na identificação da qualidade da MOS, possibilitando visualizar as diferenças entre o solo em recuperação e degradado, o que não foi apontado em termos de quantidade da MOS entre ambas condições. Na classe de partículas com diâmetro menor que 200 nm, para o Latossolo Vermelho estudado, é mais eficaz a visualização de nanoestruturas.
Inappropriate use and occupation of arable land affects agricultural soils making them less productive and consequently, increasingdegraded areas. In the soil reclamation process two points are essential: i) to define the optimal strategies to accelerate the restoration process and, ii) to determine which are the most appropriate indicators to diagnose soil quality. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the nanoparticles and the nanostructure morphology by mass spectrometry, as indicators of soil quality in an Oxisol that has been under restoration process for eight years. This research was conducted at the Experimental Station of theFaculdade de Engenharia da UniversidadeEstadual do São Paulo (UNESP), Campus de Ilha Solteira, in Selvíria, MatoGrosso do Sul, Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three treatments and five blocks per treatment. The experiment was conducted three times. The treatments tested were: a) soil under native vegetation (Savannah) canopy, b) untreated soil (degraded soil) and, c) soil cultivated with AstroniumfraxinifoliumSchott (native species) and UrochloadecumbensStapf. and amended with sewage sludge (60 ton ha-1 dry matter). We aimed to compare soil undergoing reclamation process with soil in its natural state and degraded soil. In the topsoil layer we quantified nanoparticles (ø< 100 nm), fine clay (ø<200 nm), thick clay, as well as clay and sand total content.We also studied the nanostructure morphology by transmission electron microscopy and mass spectrometry. In addition, to assess soil quality we determined soil physical (soil porosity and bulk density) and chemical (carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen content) attributes of soil samples under the three treatments. Our results showed that nanoparticles and nanostructure morphology of Oxisol are better indicators of soil quality than the soil physical and chemical attributes examined in this study. Mass spectrometry was effective for identifying the quality of soil organic matter (SOM) and for visualizing differences between degraded and reclaimed soils that were not evidenced by SOM quantification. The examination of nanostructure morphology was the most efficient indicator for particles of ø<200 nm in an Oxisol.
Inappropriate use and occupation of arable land affects agricultural soils making them less productive and consequently, increasingdegraded areas. In the soil reclamation process two points are essential: i) to define the optimal strategies to accelerate the restoration process and, ii) to determine which are the most appropriate indicators to diagnose soil quality. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the nanoparticles and the nanostructure morphology by mass spectrometry, as indicators of soil quality in an Oxisol that has been under restoration process for eight years. This research was conducted at the Experimental Station of theFaculdade de Engenharia da UniversidadeEstadual do São Paulo (UNESP), Campus de Ilha Solteira, in Selvíria, MatoGrosso do Sul, Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three treatments and five blocks per treatment. The experiment was conducted three times. The treatments tested were: a) soil under native vegetation (Savannah) canopy, b) untreated soil (degraded soil) and, c) soil cultivated with AstroniumfraxinifoliumSchott (native species) and UrochloadecumbensStapf. and amended with sewage sludge (60 ton ha-1 dry matter). We aimed to compare soil undergoing reclamation process with soil in its natural state and degraded soil. In the topsoil layer we quantified nanoparticles (ø< 100 nm), fine clay (ø<200 nm), thick clay, as well as clay and sand total content.We also studied the nanostructure morphology by transmission electron microscopy and mass spectrometry. In addition, to assess soil quality we determined soil physical (soil porosity and bulk density) and chemical (carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen content) attributes of soil samples under the three treatments. Our results showed that nanoparticles and nanostructure morphology of Oxisol are better indicators of soil quality than the soil physical and chemical attributes examined in this study. Mass spectrometry was effective for identifying the quality of soil organic matter (SOM) and for visualizing differences between degraded and reclaimed soils that were not evidenced by SOM quantification. The examination of nanostructure morphology was the most efficient indicator for particles of ø<200 nm in an Oxisol.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Lodo de esgoto, Microscopia eletrônica, Porosidade do solo, Qualidade do solo, Solo degradado, Degraded soil, Electron microscopy, Sewage sludge, Soil porosity, Soil quality