Os arranjos institucionais no sistema agroindustrial do cacau em Linhares - ES
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Data
2017-02-10
Autores
Teixeira Neto, Euclides [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A exploração do cacau é uma importante atividade agrícola que remonta desde o início do século XIX no Brasil. Em Linhares/ES, o cultivo do cacau ganhou força a partir de 1920, gerando emprego e renda local. Este trabalho tem como problema central de investigação quais seriam os arranjos institucionais presentes no Sistema Agroindustrial (SAG) do cacau em Linhares. Para este fim, o objetivo principal foi analisar os arranjos institucionais no SAG do cacau em Linhares/ ES, especificamente na relação entre produtores e seus compradores. De modo específico foi realizada a caracterização do SAG do cacau, analisado os ambientes institucionais formal e informal, e avaliadas as características dos agentes e das transações, alcançando-se as formas de governança utilizadas. A pesquisa é de natureza aplicada ao segmento de produção de cacau, de abordagem qualitativa e base descritiva. Em termos de procedimentos, envolveu levantamento bibliográfico sobre o SAG do cacau, análise documental das informações referentes à Indicação Geográfica (IG), um estudo de múltiplos casos com produtores de cacau da região de Linhares e entrevista junto à Associação dos Cacauicultores de Linhares. Neste contexto, foram identificados e analisados os arranjos institucionais. O pressuposto de pesquisa é que as instituições formais e informais exercem influência nos aspectos da produção e na qualidade, fatores que também impactam nas relações de governança e na coordenação com os agentes compradores. No ambiente institucional informal é observada a influência nos aspectos da produção por meio da manutenção da produção atual, que é resultante de heranças familiares de terras, cujos herdeiros vêm continuando a reproduzir o sistema produtivo do cacau. A sucessão familiar, em alguns casos, se encontra na terceira geração. Existe a influência da vizinhança, dos amigos e parentes que produzem cacau e torna-se propícia ao produtor a continuação do negócio. Outro fator considerado importante é a proximidade de importantes áreas produtoras na Bahia, que vocacionam Linhares. Os resultados apontam a predominância dos arranjos institucionais informais, a partir de elementos culturais importantes, como a influência da origem, a história de um povo, valores e conhecimentos adquiridos. A coordenação atual de Linhares não fortalece o desenvolvimento de cacau com qualidade, mas sim, a produção de cacau visando o mercado de commodity.
The exploitation of cocoa is an important agricultural activity that dates back to the beginning of the 19th century in Brazil. In Linhares / ES, the cultivation of cocoa gained strength starting in 1920, generating employment and local income. This work has as central problem of investigation what would be the institutional arrangements present in the Agroindustrial System (SAG) of cacao in Linhares. To this end, the main objective was to analyze the institutional arrangements in the cocoa SAG in Linhares / ES, specifically in the relationship between producers and their buyers. Specifically, the characterization of the cocoa SAG was performed, analyzing the formal and informal institutional environments, and evaluating the characteristics of the agents and the transactions, reaching the forms of governance used. The research is of nature applied to the segment of cocoa production, with qualitative approach and descriptive basis. In terms of procedures, it involved a bibliographical survey on the SAG of cocoa, documentary analysis of the information referring to the Geographical Indication (GI), a study of multiple cases with cocoa producers in the Linhares region and an interview with the Association of Cacao Growers of Linhares. In this context, institutional arrangements were identified and analyzed. The research assumption is that formal and informal institutions exert influence on aspects of production and quality, factors that also impact on governance relations and coordination with purchasing agents. In the informal institutional environment, influence is observed in aspects of production through the maintenance of current production, which is the result of family inheritances of land, whose heirs have continued to reproduce the productive system of cocoa. The family succession, in some cases, is in the third generation. There is the influence of the neighborhood, of the friends and relatives that produce cocoa, and it becomes propitious for the producer to continue the business. Another factor considered important is the proximity of important producing areas in Bahia, which refer to Linhares. The results point to the predominance of informal institutional arrangements, based on important cultural elements such as the influence of origin, the history of a people, values and acquired knowledge. The current coordination of Linhares does not strengthen the development of quality cocoa but rather the production of cocoa aimed at the commodity market.
The exploitation of cocoa is an important agricultural activity that dates back to the beginning of the 19th century in Brazil. In Linhares / ES, the cultivation of cocoa gained strength starting in 1920, generating employment and local income. This work has as central problem of investigation what would be the institutional arrangements present in the Agroindustrial System (SAG) of cacao in Linhares. To this end, the main objective was to analyze the institutional arrangements in the cocoa SAG in Linhares / ES, specifically in the relationship between producers and their buyers. Specifically, the characterization of the cocoa SAG was performed, analyzing the formal and informal institutional environments, and evaluating the characteristics of the agents and the transactions, reaching the forms of governance used. The research is of nature applied to the segment of cocoa production, with qualitative approach and descriptive basis. In terms of procedures, it involved a bibliographical survey on the SAG of cocoa, documentary analysis of the information referring to the Geographical Indication (GI), a study of multiple cases with cocoa producers in the Linhares region and an interview with the Association of Cacao Growers of Linhares. In this context, institutional arrangements were identified and analyzed. The research assumption is that formal and informal institutions exert influence on aspects of production and quality, factors that also impact on governance relations and coordination with purchasing agents. In the informal institutional environment, influence is observed in aspects of production through the maintenance of current production, which is the result of family inheritances of land, whose heirs have continued to reproduce the productive system of cocoa. The family succession, in some cases, is in the third generation. There is the influence of the neighborhood, of the friends and relatives that produce cocoa, and it becomes propitious for the producer to continue the business. Another factor considered important is the proximity of important producing areas in Bahia, which refer to Linhares. The results point to the predominance of informal institutional arrangements, based on important cultural elements such as the influence of origin, the history of a people, values and acquired knowledge. The current coordination of Linhares does not strengthen the development of quality cocoa but rather the production of cocoa aimed at the commodity market.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Agronegócio, Cacau, Indicação geográfica, Cultura, Estrutura de governança