Um novo grande jogo?: as dinâmicas de cooperação e competição em relação aos recursos energéticos da bacia do Mar Cáspio
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Data
2017-03-27
Autores
Moreira, Bruna Bosi [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A pesquisa analisará o chamado "Novo Grande Jogo" na região do Mar Cáspio entre Rússia, Estados Unidos e China, com foco nos processos de competição e de cooperação entre as três potências. A região destaca-se no contexto energético internacional pelas reservas de hidrocarbonetos e por abrigar gasodutos fundamentais ao transporte destes à Europa. A área foi parte do Império Russo e da União Soviética e por isso a Rússia permanece como liderança histórica na região, a qual integra o que Moscou compreende como seu Exterior Próximo, ou seja, uma zona vital para sua segurança. Com o fim da URSS e a fragilidade da Rússia, os EUA passaram a atuar na região, através do estabelecimento de acordos econômicos e de bases militares, o que foi visto pelos russos como um movimento inaceitável dentro de sua esfera de influência. A dinâmica de competição configurou-se quando a Rússia voltou a se fortalecer, a partir de 2000. O processo ganhou maior complexidade com a entrada da China no cenário. O país é o maior importador de energia do mundo e vem consolidando sua presença na região através de investimentos em infraestrutura e do emblemático acordo energético assinado com a Rússia. Assim, a hipótese a ser avaliada é a de que entre Rússia e EUA prevalecem elementos de competição, o que caracterizou a dinâmica do novo Grande Jogo até a entrada da China como um terceiro jogador. A partir desse fato, há um novo equilíbrio nas disputas regionais, pois este país tem se aliado com a Rússia, apontando elementos de cooperação. O tabuleiro do Cáspio abriga lances movidos por estratégias globais dos três jogadores, o que amplia a complexidade dos processos em curso e a combinação de cooperação e conflito.
The research will analyze the so called “New Great Game” in the Caspian Sea region among Russia, United States and China, with focus on the competition and cooperation processes among the three powers. The region stands out in the international energy context for its hydrocarbons reserves and for containing pipelines, which are fundamental for transporting energy to Europe. The area was part of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union and therefore Russia remains a historical leadership in the region, which constitutes what Moscow comprehends as its Near Abroad, that is, a vital zone for its security. With the end of the USSR and the subsequently Russian fragility, the US started to act in the region, through the establishment of economic deals and military bases, which was seen by the Russians as an unacceptable movement within its sphere of influence. The dynamics of competition was set when Russia started to strengthen itself again, from 2000 onwards. The process gained more complexity with China’s entrance in the scene. The country is the world’s largest energy importer and has been consolidating its presence in the region through infrastructure investments and the emblematic energy agreement signed with Russia. Therefore, the hypothesis to be evaluated is that elements of competition prevail between Russia and US, which has characterized the New Great Game dynamics until the entrance of China as a third player. From that moment onwards, there is a new balance in the regional disputes, because that country has aligned with Russia, which points towards elements of cooperation. The Caspian board has moves motivated by strategies of the three players, which amplifies the complexity of the processes in course and the combination of cooperation and conflict.
The research will analyze the so called “New Great Game” in the Caspian Sea region among Russia, United States and China, with focus on the competition and cooperation processes among the three powers. The region stands out in the international energy context for its hydrocarbons reserves and for containing pipelines, which are fundamental for transporting energy to Europe. The area was part of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union and therefore Russia remains a historical leadership in the region, which constitutes what Moscow comprehends as its Near Abroad, that is, a vital zone for its security. With the end of the USSR and the subsequently Russian fragility, the US started to act in the region, through the establishment of economic deals and military bases, which was seen by the Russians as an unacceptable movement within its sphere of influence. The dynamics of competition was set when Russia started to strengthen itself again, from 2000 onwards. The process gained more complexity with China’s entrance in the scene. The country is the world’s largest energy importer and has been consolidating its presence in the region through infrastructure investments and the emblematic energy agreement signed with Russia. Therefore, the hypothesis to be evaluated is that elements of competition prevail between Russia and US, which has characterized the New Great Game dynamics until the entrance of China as a third player. From that moment onwards, there is a new balance in the regional disputes, because that country has aligned with Russia, which points towards elements of cooperation. The Caspian board has moves motivated by strategies of the three players, which amplifies the complexity of the processes in course and the combination of cooperation and conflict.
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Cáspio, Rússia, Estados Unidos, China, Geopolítica