O Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN) e a construção da memória histórica nacional por meio dos bens culturais imóveis inscritos no Livro do Tombo Histórico (1937-1985)
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Data
2017-05-09
Autores
Silva, Ana Paula da [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O trabalho analisa como a política de tombamento no Brasil valorizou uma determinada memória histórica nacional a partir dos bens materiais imóveis inscritos no Livro do Tombo Histórico no período de 1937 a 1985, atendendo especialmente aos interesses políticos do Estado Novo e da Ditadura Militar. Ao privilegiar, em tal período, a proteção do patrimônio cultural relacionado à elite branca, católica e de origem lusitana, o SPHAN/DPHAN/IPHAN contribuiu para a afirmação de imaginário e princípios afeitos ao Brasil do autoritarismo. A escolha de alguns grupos sociais, cuja história foi representada no patrimônio material imóvel, transformados em lugares de memória, contribuiu para o alcance do comportamento político apropriado ao Brasil ordeiro e disciplinado. No entanto, durante a abertura política realizada a partir do governo de Ernesto Geisel, foi preciso ampliar a noção de patrimônio, exatamente no momento em que, politicamente, os militares buscavam apoio de novos grupos sociais para a legitimação de seus interesses, admitindo então na memória histórica nacional a representação de grupos até então marginalizados, como negros, imigrantes e pobres. Acreditamos que por meio da análise do patrimônio cultural imóvel, tombado e inscrito no Livro do Tombo Histórico, é possível perceber como a concepção da cultura oficial brasileira e a consequente valorização da memória histórica nacional saíram da representação de apenas alguns grupos e, posteriormente, incorporaram minorias sociais, acompanhando, portanto, as transformações do universo político brasileiro. As fontes da pesquisa são os Processos de Tombamento dos bens materiais imóveis inscritos no Livro do Tombo Histórico, as Atas das reuniões do Conselho Consultivo do SPHAN/DPHAN/IPHAN e o conjunto de leis e documentos diversos relacionados ao patrimônio cultural, analisados juntamente com a bibliografia pertinente ao tema.
The present study analyzes how the Brazilian cultural heritage protection policy valued a national historical memory from the property registered in the Livro do Tombo Histórico between the years 1937 and 1985, with particular regard to political interests of the Estado Novo and the military dictatorship. By privileging, in such period, the protection of cultural heritage related to the white, Catholic and Lusitanian elite, the SPHAN/DPHAN/IPHAN contributed to the formation of the imaginary and the principles of the Brazil of authoritarianism. By choosing some groups, whose history was represented in the material property assets, and transforming their history in a place of memory, it contributed to achieve the appropriated political behavior of an orderly and disciplined Brazil. However, during the political opening occurred since the Ernesto Geisel’s government, it was necessary to broaden the notion of patrimony, in the same time that, politically, the militaries was looking for the support of new social groups, aiming to legitimate their interests, what made them admit, in the national historical memory, the representation of previously marginalized groups, like the blacks, the poor and the immigrants. We understand that is through the analysis of the cultural heritage property registered in the Livro do Tombo Histórico that it is possible to perceive how the formation of the official Brazilian culture and the consequent valorization of the national historical memory started from the representation of some few groups and just later incorporated social minorities, accompanying the transformations of the Brazilian political universe. The sources of research are the registration processes of material property in the Livro do Tombo Histórico, the minutes of board meetings of the SPHAN/DPHAN/IPHAN’s Conselho Consultivo and the laws and documents related to cultural heritage, analyzed along with the bibliography pertinent to the theme.
The present study analyzes how the Brazilian cultural heritage protection policy valued a national historical memory from the property registered in the Livro do Tombo Histórico between the years 1937 and 1985, with particular regard to political interests of the Estado Novo and the military dictatorship. By privileging, in such period, the protection of cultural heritage related to the white, Catholic and Lusitanian elite, the SPHAN/DPHAN/IPHAN contributed to the formation of the imaginary and the principles of the Brazil of authoritarianism. By choosing some groups, whose history was represented in the material property assets, and transforming their history in a place of memory, it contributed to achieve the appropriated political behavior of an orderly and disciplined Brazil. However, during the political opening occurred since the Ernesto Geisel’s government, it was necessary to broaden the notion of patrimony, in the same time that, politically, the militaries was looking for the support of new social groups, aiming to legitimate their interests, what made them admit, in the national historical memory, the representation of previously marginalized groups, like the blacks, the poor and the immigrants. We understand that is through the analysis of the cultural heritage property registered in the Livro do Tombo Histórico that it is possible to perceive how the formation of the official Brazilian culture and the consequent valorization of the national historical memory started from the representation of some few groups and just later incorporated social minorities, accompanying the transformations of the Brazilian political universe. The sources of research are the registration processes of material property in the Livro do Tombo Histórico, the minutes of board meetings of the SPHAN/DPHAN/IPHAN’s Conselho Consultivo and the laws and documents related to cultural heritage, analyzed along with the bibliography pertinent to the theme.
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Palavras-chave
Patrimônio cultural, Memória e identidade, Estado Novo, Ditadura Militar, Bens culturais materiais imóveis