Sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo para rodovias: estudo de caso de trecho da Rodovia Washington Luís (SP 310)
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Data
2017-04-24
Autores
Ribeiro, Daniela Ferreira [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A presente pesquisa propõe um índice de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo para os parâmetros físicos adjacentes a um trecho da rodovia Washington Luís (SP 310) a fim de colaborar com o desenvolvimento de Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Óleo (Cartas SAO) para ambientes adjacentes a rodovias. As Cartas SAO constituem-se em ferramentas interessantes para o auxílio na tomada de decisões em caso de acidentes envolvendo derrames de óleo, visto que apresentam as áreas com maior e menor sensibilidade, colaborando assim nas operações de emergência e com a escolha dos procedimentos adequados de limpeza e remoção. O índice de sensibilidade ambiental para a rodovia (IST) baseou-se em metodologias propostas pela National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente e em trabalhos realizados em ambientes terrestres sujeitos a esse tipo de acidente. Os estudos envolvendo as Cartas SAO possuem ampla aplicação nos ambientes litorâneos e fluviais, mas ainda apresentam-se incipientes em ambientes terrestres, entretanto estes devem ser priorizados, pois são frequentes acidentes com derrames de óleo e derivados de petróleo, principalmente próximos a rodovias, visto que o modal rodoviário é um dos mais utilizados atualmente para o transporte desses produtos no Brasil. A metodologia aplicada baseou-se na técnica de compartimentação fisiográfica, pois o IST deve apresentar as características homogêneas de segmentos de interesse e ser representado de forma linear, seguindo as bases propostas pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). A compartimentação foi realizada por meio da interpretação de imagens orbitais da área de estudo, apoiada por mapas básicos e trabalhos de campo, a fim de determinar zonas homólogas e classifica-las quanto à sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo. Foram delimitados 17 compartimentos, que foram classificados quanto à declividade, textura e espessura do solo, profundidade do nível d’água e permeabilidade. Para cada variável foi determinado um grau parcial de sensibilidade ambiental classificado entre baixo, médio e alto. Foram atribuídos pesos, baseados na importância relativa das diferentes classes, que foram então combinadas de forma ponderada pela ferramenta Weighted Sum, do software ArcGIs, o que possibilitou uma análise integrada dos fatores envolvidos. Os valores finais de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo foram atribuídos com base no sistema de índices proposto pela NOAA, que utiliza índices de sensibilidade de 1 a 10, sendo este último o mais sensível. No geral, o trecho da rodovia estudado apresentou valores altos e intermediários de sensibilidade, não apresentando os índices de 1 a 4. As áreas mais sensíveis foram classificadas como índices 8 e 9. Esses valores relacionaram-se principalmente à alta ou média sensibilidade das variáveis declividade, espessura do solo e profundidade do nível d’água em grande parte da área de estudo. Conclui-se que a metodologia de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo para áreas terrestres, especificamente para o modal rodoviário, mostrou-se adequada ao determinar os ambientes com maior e menor sensibilidade, entretanto os parâmetros de análise devem ser ajustados de acordo com a realidade local dos ambientes. Além disso, o uso de ferramentas geotecnológicas mostrou-se eficaz, tornando essa metodologia acessível para estudos futuros.
The present study proposes an environmental sensitivity index to oil for the physical parameters adjacent to a section of the Washington Luís Highway (SP 310), in order to collaborate with the development of Environmental Sensitivity Map for Oil Spills for areas adjacent to highways. The Environmental Sensitivity Maps for Oil Spills are interesting tools to assist in decision-making in the occurrence of accidents involving oil spills, seeing that they present the areas with greater and lesser sensitivity, thus collaborating in the emergency operations, aiding the choice of the appropriate procedures of cleaning and removal. The Environmental Sensitivity Index for Highways (STI) based on the methodologies proposed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Ministry of the Environment and studies performed in terrestrial environments subject to this type of accident. The studies involving Environmental Sensitivity Maps have wide application in the coastal and fluvial environments, but are still incipient in terrestrial environments, however these should be prioritized, since accidents with oil spills and petroleum derivatives are frequent, especially near roads, seen that the road modal is one of the most used currently for the transportation of these products in Brazil. The applied methodology was based on the technique of physiographic subdivision, on this account the IST have to present the homogeneous characteristics of segments of interest and be represented in a linear way, based on the proposed by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA). The compartmentalization was performed through the interpretation of orbital images of the study area, supported by basic maps and field work, in order to determine homologous zones and classify them as to the environmental sensitivity to oil. Seventeen compartments were delimited, which were classified as slope, soil texture and thickness, water depth and permeability. For each variable a partial degree of environmental sensitivity classified as low, medium and high was determined. Weights were assigned based on the relative importance of the different classes, which were then combined in a weighted way by the “Weighted Sum” tool of the ArcGIs software, which made possible an integrated analysis of the factors involved. The final values of environmental sensitivity to oil were attributed based on the index system proposed by NOAA, which uses sensitivity indexes from 1 to 10, the latter being the most sensitive. In general, the section of the highway studied presented high values and intermediate sensitivity, and did not present indexes from 1 to 4. The most sensitive areas were classified as indexes 8 and 9. These values were mainly related to the high or medium sensitivity of the variables slope, soil thickness and depth of water level in much of the study area. It is concluded that the methodology of environmental sensitivity to oil for terrestrial areas, specifically for the road modal, was adequate when determining the environments with greater and lesser sensitivity, however the parameters of analysis should be adjusted according to the local reality of the environments. In addition, the use of geotechnical tools proved effective, making this methodology accessible for future studies.
The present study proposes an environmental sensitivity index to oil for the physical parameters adjacent to a section of the Washington Luís Highway (SP 310), in order to collaborate with the development of Environmental Sensitivity Map for Oil Spills for areas adjacent to highways. The Environmental Sensitivity Maps for Oil Spills are interesting tools to assist in decision-making in the occurrence of accidents involving oil spills, seeing that they present the areas with greater and lesser sensitivity, thus collaborating in the emergency operations, aiding the choice of the appropriate procedures of cleaning and removal. The Environmental Sensitivity Index for Highways (STI) based on the methodologies proposed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Ministry of the Environment and studies performed in terrestrial environments subject to this type of accident. The studies involving Environmental Sensitivity Maps have wide application in the coastal and fluvial environments, but are still incipient in terrestrial environments, however these should be prioritized, since accidents with oil spills and petroleum derivatives are frequent, especially near roads, seen that the road modal is one of the most used currently for the transportation of these products in Brazil. The applied methodology was based on the technique of physiographic subdivision, on this account the IST have to present the homogeneous characteristics of segments of interest and be represented in a linear way, based on the proposed by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA). The compartmentalization was performed through the interpretation of orbital images of the study area, supported by basic maps and field work, in order to determine homologous zones and classify them as to the environmental sensitivity to oil. Seventeen compartments were delimited, which were classified as slope, soil texture and thickness, water depth and permeability. For each variable a partial degree of environmental sensitivity classified as low, medium and high was determined. Weights were assigned based on the relative importance of the different classes, which were then combined in a weighted way by the “Weighted Sum” tool of the ArcGIs software, which made possible an integrated analysis of the factors involved. The final values of environmental sensitivity to oil were attributed based on the index system proposed by NOAA, which uses sensitivity indexes from 1 to 10, the latter being the most sensitive. In general, the section of the highway studied presented high values and intermediate sensitivity, and did not present indexes from 1 to 4. The most sensitive areas were classified as indexes 8 and 9. These values were mainly related to the high or medium sensitivity of the variables slope, soil thickness and depth of water level in much of the study area. It is concluded that the methodology of environmental sensitivity to oil for terrestrial areas, specifically for the road modal, was adequate when determining the environments with greater and lesser sensitivity, however the parameters of analysis should be adjusted according to the local reality of the environments. In addition, the use of geotechnical tools proved effective, making this methodology accessible for future studies.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo, Cartas de sensibilidade ambiental, Geotecnologias, Transporte de produtos perigosos, Rodovias, Environmental sensitivity to oil, Environmental sensitivity maps to oil spills, Geotechnologies, Hazardous products transport, Highways