Um estudo sobre a evasão em um curso de Licenciatura em Física: discursos de ex-alunos e professores
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Data
2017-03-24
Autores
Kussuda, Sérgio Rykio
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O presente estudo trata de uma pesquisa empírica, que busca conhecer os principais motivos para a evasão, segundo ex-alunos e professores, de um curso de Licenciatura em Física de uma universidade pública paulista, em um determinado período estudado. Para tanto, além do apoio em referenciais sobre o tema, contamos com uma amostra de ex-alunos e outra de professores, que se dispuseram a fornecer informações sobre o evasão, através de questionários e entrevistas. Os dados foram tratados quali e quantitativamente e as entrevistas foram analisadas com aportes da Análise de Discurso. Os resultados mostram que, embora os sujeitos das duas amostras falem de posições distintas sobre o mesmo tema, a evasão, da qual os alunos são protagonistas e os docentes testemunhas, há congruências nos discursos dos sujeitos das duas amostras sobre os motivos que levam os alunos a evadirem. Tanto no imaginário de professores como de exalunos, os fatores para a evasão incluem o fato de a maioria dos ingressantes ser constituída de alunos-trabalhadores, oriundos de classes economicamente menos privilegiadas e, portanto, com defasagem de formação, já que são provenientes de escolas precárias e possuem pouco tempo para se dedicarem aos estudos; apontam também as dificuldades relacionadas ao mercado e condições de trabalho para físicos e professores da educação básica; ao uso de métodos de ensino e de avaliação inconsistentes por parte dos professores universitários, que levam a reprovação, desestímulo e consequente evasão. Segundo os professores, o imaginário sobre a Física que os alunos trazem da Educação Básica e o conflito com os estudos na Universidade são fatores que dificultam o processo de transição e adaptação para o Ensino Superior. Para os ex-alunos, as políticas precárias de permanência estudantil; a atenção seletiva de docentes à pesquisa, em detrimento do ensino; formas incoerentes de avaliação da aprendizagem e desestimulo à profissão de professor, bem como a imaturidade do estudante ao ingressar na universidade, são problemas que levam à evasão; em alguns casos, corroborando para o desinteresse, frustração e aparecimento de problemas de ordem psicológica. Alunos e docentes sugerem ações para a reversão do quadro, embora entendam que estas dependam de mudanças em políticas que ultrapassam a competência do Conselho de Curso e das instâncias acadêmicas.
The present study is an empirical research that seeks to know the main reasons for an dropout according to former students and professors of a Physics Teachers Training Course of a public university of São Paulo in a certain period of study in order to reflect about the influence of socioeconomic factors in the permanence and avoidance of the alumni of this course. Therefore, in addition to supporting references on the subject, the study used samples of former students and professors, who were willing to provide information on evasion through questionnaires and interviews. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively; The interviews were analyzed with contributions from the Discourse Analysis. The results show that, although the subjects of the two samples speak of different positions on the same subject, the evasion, in which the students are protagonists and the teachers witnesses, there are congruencies in the speeches of the subjects of the two samples, on the reasons for the evasion. In both professors' and alumni's imaginations, the factors for evasion include the fact that most of the participants are students-workers from economically less privileged classes and, therefore, with a lack of training coming from precarious public schools, with little time to devote to studies; also point out the difficulties related to the market and working conditions for physicists and teachers of basic education; to inconsistent methods of teaching and assessment by university professors, which lead to disapproval, discouragement and consequent evasion. In the professors' imagination, the imagery about physics that students bring from basic education and the conflict with university studies are factors that hinder the process of transition and adaptation to higher education. In the students' imagination, the precarious policies of student stay, selective attention of professor to research, to the detriment of teaching, incoherent forms of evaluation of learning and incentive to evasion and discouragement to the profession of teacher, as well as the student's own immaturity upon entering university, are problems that lead to avoidance; In some cases, corroborating to the disinterest, frustration and appearance of psychological problems. Students and teachers suggest actions to revert the framework, although understanding that they depend on being accompanied by changes in policies that exceed the competence of professor and academic bodies.
The present study is an empirical research that seeks to know the main reasons for an dropout according to former students and professors of a Physics Teachers Training Course of a public university of São Paulo in a certain period of study in order to reflect about the influence of socioeconomic factors in the permanence and avoidance of the alumni of this course. Therefore, in addition to supporting references on the subject, the study used samples of former students and professors, who were willing to provide information on evasion through questionnaires and interviews. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively; The interviews were analyzed with contributions from the Discourse Analysis. The results show that, although the subjects of the two samples speak of different positions on the same subject, the evasion, in which the students are protagonists and the teachers witnesses, there are congruencies in the speeches of the subjects of the two samples, on the reasons for the evasion. In both professors' and alumni's imaginations, the factors for evasion include the fact that most of the participants are students-workers from economically less privileged classes and, therefore, with a lack of training coming from precarious public schools, with little time to devote to studies; also point out the difficulties related to the market and working conditions for physicists and teachers of basic education; to inconsistent methods of teaching and assessment by university professors, which lead to disapproval, discouragement and consequent evasion. In the professors' imagination, the imagery about physics that students bring from basic education and the conflict with university studies are factors that hinder the process of transition and adaptation to higher education. In the students' imagination, the precarious policies of student stay, selective attention of professor to research, to the detriment of teaching, incoherent forms of evaluation of learning and incentive to evasion and discouragement to the profession of teacher, as well as the student's own immaturity upon entering university, are problems that lead to avoidance; In some cases, corroborating to the disinterest, frustration and appearance of psychological problems. Students and teachers suggest actions to revert the framework, although understanding that they depend on being accompanied by changes in policies that exceed the competence of professor and academic bodies.
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Palavras-chave
Evasão no ensino superior, Formação inicial de professores de física, Imaginário de professores, Imaginário de alunos, Análise de discurso, Dropout in higher education, Initial formation of physics teachers, Teachers’ imaginary, Students’ imaginary, Discourse analysis