Astronomia nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental: uma análise de livros didáticos do sistema municipal de ensino de Bauru
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Data
2020-02-20
Autores
Oliveira, Rodolfo Fortunato de
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Levantamentos realizados em publicações da área de Educação em Astronomia apontam que um dos focos recorrentes de pesquisa são os recursos/materiais didáticos e, dentre eles, estão os livros didáticos. Estes passaram a ser o principal foco das análises, pois, segundo alguns autores, eles se tornaram o principal, e às vezes o único, material utilizado pelos professores nas aulas de Ciências. Além disso, tem-se discutido o poder dos livros didáticos sobre o currículo. As pesquisas da área mostram que um dos obstáculos quanto ao ensino de astronomia é a relativa baixa quantidade de material bibliográfico, com linguagem acessível e fonte segura. Soma-se o fato de que, ao realizar um levantamento bibliográfico inicial, foram encontrados poucos trabalhos que discutiam a presença da astronomia em livros didáticos para o ensino fundamental I (ou anos iniciais). Diante de alguns questionamentos, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi investigar o conteúdo de astronomia ensinado aos alunos dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental I a partir da análise do livro didático de Ciências adotado pelo sistema municipal de ensino de Bauru/SP. Para esta análise, utilizou-se como referencial os resultados de pesquisas da área e os documentos oficiais do governo. Quanto à fundamentação metodológica, a pesquisa teve como apoio os princípios da Análise de Conteúdo, seguindo suas três fases: pré-análise, exploração do material e tratamento dos resultados e interpretações. Os resultados revelaram quais são os conteúdos de astronomia ensinados, como estão organizados, qual a sua relação com as pesquisas da área de Educação em Astronomia e com os documentos oficiais e a importância das imagens e exercícios na construção do conhecimento científico pelos alunos. Concluiu-se que os livros analisados apresentaram muitos avanços no que tange aos conteúdos de astronomia, estando em consonância com os resultados das pesquisas e com o documento oficial que rege a educação do Estado (BNCC) e que novas pesquisas são necessárias afim de compreender como os sujeitos que fazem uso desse recurso se veem representados nesse processo de mudanças, escolha e uso desse material.
Surveys carried out in publications regarding the Astronomy Education area point out that one of the recurrent research focuses are resources and didactic materials and, among them, are the textbooks. These became the major focus of analysis, because, according to some authors, it became the main, sometimes the only, material used by teachers in Science classes. In addition, the power of textbooks on the curriculum has also been discussed. Researches in the area shows that one of the obstacles to astronomy teaching is the relatively low amount of bibliographic material with accessible language and reliable sources. In addition, when conducting an initial bibliographic survey, few studies that discussed the presence of astronomy in textbooks for the early years of elementary school were found. In the face of some questions, the objective of this research was to investigate the astronomy contents taught to students in the early years of elementary school based on the analysis of the science textbook adopted by the municipal educational system of Bauru/SP. For this analysis, research results in this area and official government documents were used as a reference. As for the methodological basis, the research was supported by the principles of Content Analysis, following its three steps: pre-analysis, exploration of the material and treatment and interpretation of the results. The results revealed what are the astronomy contents taught, how they are organized, how is their relationship with the research in the area of Astronomy Education and with official documents, and the importance of images and exercises in the construction of scientific knowledge by the students. It was concluded that the analyzed books presented many advances regarding the astronomy contents, being in line with the results of the researches and with the official document that governs State education (BNCC) and that further researches are necessary in order to understand how the subjects that make use of this resource see themselves represented in this process of changes, choice and use of this material.
Surveys carried out in publications regarding the Astronomy Education area point out that one of the recurrent research focuses are resources and didactic materials and, among them, are the textbooks. These became the major focus of analysis, because, according to some authors, it became the main, sometimes the only, material used by teachers in Science classes. In addition, the power of textbooks on the curriculum has also been discussed. Researches in the area shows that one of the obstacles to astronomy teaching is the relatively low amount of bibliographic material with accessible language and reliable sources. In addition, when conducting an initial bibliographic survey, few studies that discussed the presence of astronomy in textbooks for the early years of elementary school were found. In the face of some questions, the objective of this research was to investigate the astronomy contents taught to students in the early years of elementary school based on the analysis of the science textbook adopted by the municipal educational system of Bauru/SP. For this analysis, research results in this area and official government documents were used as a reference. As for the methodological basis, the research was supported by the principles of Content Analysis, following its three steps: pre-analysis, exploration of the material and treatment and interpretation of the results. The results revealed what are the astronomy contents taught, how they are organized, how is their relationship with the research in the area of Astronomy Education and with official documents, and the importance of images and exercises in the construction of scientific knowledge by the students. It was concluded that the analyzed books presented many advances regarding the astronomy contents, being in line with the results of the researches and with the official document that governs State education (BNCC) and that further researches are necessary in order to understand how the subjects that make use of this resource see themselves represented in this process of changes, choice and use of this material.
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Palavras-chave
Educação em Astronomia, Livro didático, Ensino fundamental I, Anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, Análise de conteúdo, Astronomy education, Textbook, Elementary school, Early years of elementary school, Content analysis