Hesitações e constituintes prosódicos na fala infantil
Data
2020-03-31
Autores
Villega, Cristyane de Camargo Sampaio
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Propusemos investigar, na fala infantil, relações entre hesitações e as configurações de cinco dos constituintes prosódicos (Nespor; Vogel, 1986): enunciado fonológico, frase entonacional, frase fonológica, grupo clítico e palavra fonológica. A busca dessas relações foi orientada pelos objetivos: (i) verificar, nas ocorrências de hesitação, seu vínculo com constituintes prosódicos nos quais a informação fonológica se mostra relacionada a aspectos sintático-semânticos e a aspectos morfológicos e lexicais do enunciado; e (ii) observar, nos diferentes constituintes prosódicos, se as hesitações ocorrem, preferencialmente, nas posições fracas ou fortes que os compõem. Os dados foram extraídos de um banco composto por 147 situações de entrevistas (gravadas e transcritas) realizadas com crianças entre 5-6 anos de idade. Primeiramente, consideramos as ocorrências de hesitações que incidiram em dois grupos de constituintes prosódicos, de acordo com suas características estruturais: os mais altos (enunciado fonológico, frase entonacional, frase fonológica) – por apresentar interação com componentes sintático-semânticos; e os mais baixos (grupo clítico e palavra fonológica) – por apresentarem interação com componentes morfológicos e lexicais. Em seguida, consideramos as ocorrências de hesitações julgadas em posições fortes ou fracas dos cinco constituintes prosódicos selecionados. Foram detectadas, pelos juízes, 2.399 ocorrências hesitativas. Dessas ocorrências, verificamos que as hesitações incidiram nos dois grupos de constituintes. Fato que interpretamos como os dois modos pelos quais a língua se organiza. A hesitação, ao incidir nesses dois modos revelaria conflitos na seleção e na combinação de elementos linguísticos na emergência de uma cadeia sintagmática. Em outras palavras, as hesitações identificadas em níveis mais altos, a integração sintaxe/semântica/prosódia entre os elementos que se combinam na cadeia sintagmática ocorreu de forma conflituosa. Por outro lado, as hesitações identificadas em níveis mais baixos, a seleção de um elemento, dentre outros elementos passíveis é que se mostrou conflituosa. Embora as hesitações tenham emergido nos dois modos da língua/grupos de constituintes, estiveram mais fortemente envolvidas com os constituintes mais baixos. O que nos mostrou que, na fala das crianças analisadas, as hesitações demonstraram haver maior envolvimento/conflito com a seleção de elementos menores – grupos clíticos e palavras fonológicas / itens lexicais e morfológicos. Quanto à relação entre hesitações e proeminência relativa, verificamos: (1) maior porcentagem de hesitações em frase entonacional; (2) maior percentual de ocorrência hesitativas identificadas em posição fraca; (3) diferença estatística entre as posições, com exceção da palavra fonológica; e (4) na posição fraca, o grupo clítico apresentou maior incidência de hesitações. Verificamos que os fenômenos da língua vinculados a porções prosodicamente fortes e fracas de enunciados relacionem-se de forma diferente, a depender dos graus de proeminência em cada constituinte – revelando seu funcionamento extremamente complexo. Com efeito, são múltiplos os diferentes domínios prosódicos – pelos quais esse funcionamento pode ser descrito, além de que cada domínio se configura de diferentes maneiras, uma vez que estão em questão, na organização de cada constituinte prosódico, diferentes formas de relação entre a informação fonológica e a informação que com ela se relaciona, vinda de outros planos da gramática.
We proposed to investigate, in children's speech, relationships between hesitations and the configurations of five of the prosodic constituents (Nespor; Vogel, 1986): phonological utterance, intonational phrase, phonological phrase, clitic group and phonological word. The search for these relationships was guided by the objectives: (i) to verify, in the occurrences of hesitation, its link with prosodic constituents in which the phonological information is related to syntactic-semantic aspects and to the morphological and lexical aspects of the utterance; and (ii) observe, in the different prosodic constituents, if hesitations occur, preferably, in the weak or strong positions that compose them. The data were extracted from a database composed of 147 interview situations (recorded and transcribed) conducted with children between 5-6 years of age. Firstly, we consider the occurrences of hesitations that showed two groups of prosodic constituents, according to their structural characteristics: the highest (phonological utterance, intonational phrase, phonological phrase) - for presenting interaction with syntactic-semantic components; and the lowest (clitic group and phonological word) - for presenting interaction with morphological and lexical components. Then, we consider the occurrences of hesitations judged on strong or weak positions of the five selected prosodic constituents. 2.399 hesitant occurrences were detected by the judges. From these occurrences, we can see that the hesitations showed up both groups of constituents. Fact that we interpret as the two modes in which the language is organized. The hesitation, when showed up on these two modes, would reveal conflicts in the selection and the combination of linguistic elements in the emergence of a syntagmatic chain. In other words, the hesitations identified at higher levels, the syntax-semantics-prosody integration between the elements that combine in the syntagmatic chain occurred in a conflicting way. On the other hand, the hesitations identified at lower levels, the selection of an element, among other possible elements, proved to be conflicting. Although hesitations emerged in the two modes of language / constituent groups, they were more strongly involved with the lower constituents. What showed us that, in the speech of the children analyzed, the hesitations demonstrated greater involvement / conflict with the selection of smaller elements - clitic groups and phonological words / lexical and morphological items. As for the relationship between hesitations and relative prominence, we found: (1) a higher percentage of hesitations in an intonational phrase; (2) higher percentage of hesitative occurrences identified in a weak position; (3) statistical difference between the positions, except for the phonological word; and (4) in the weak position, the clitic group had a higher incidence of hesitation. We verify that language phenomena linked to prosodically strong and weak portions of utterances are related differently, depending on the degrees of prominence in each constituent - revealing its extremely complex functioning. Indeed, there are multiple different prosodic domains - by which this functioning can be described, and each domain is configured in different ways, since they are in question, in the organization of each prosodic constituent, different forms of relationship between phonological information and information related to it, coming from other levels of grammar.
We proposed to investigate, in children's speech, relationships between hesitations and the configurations of five of the prosodic constituents (Nespor; Vogel, 1986): phonological utterance, intonational phrase, phonological phrase, clitic group and phonological word. The search for these relationships was guided by the objectives: (i) to verify, in the occurrences of hesitation, its link with prosodic constituents in which the phonological information is related to syntactic-semantic aspects and to the morphological and lexical aspects of the utterance; and (ii) observe, in the different prosodic constituents, if hesitations occur, preferably, in the weak or strong positions that compose them. The data were extracted from a database composed of 147 interview situations (recorded and transcribed) conducted with children between 5-6 years of age. Firstly, we consider the occurrences of hesitations that showed two groups of prosodic constituents, according to their structural characteristics: the highest (phonological utterance, intonational phrase, phonological phrase) - for presenting interaction with syntactic-semantic components; and the lowest (clitic group and phonological word) - for presenting interaction with morphological and lexical components. Then, we consider the occurrences of hesitations judged on strong or weak positions of the five selected prosodic constituents. 2.399 hesitant occurrences were detected by the judges. From these occurrences, we can see that the hesitations showed up both groups of constituents. Fact that we interpret as the two modes in which the language is organized. The hesitation, when showed up on these two modes, would reveal conflicts in the selection and the combination of linguistic elements in the emergence of a syntagmatic chain. In other words, the hesitations identified at higher levels, the syntax-semantics-prosody integration between the elements that combine in the syntagmatic chain occurred in a conflicting way. On the other hand, the hesitations identified at lower levels, the selection of an element, among other possible elements, proved to be conflicting. Although hesitations emerged in the two modes of language / constituent groups, they were more strongly involved with the lower constituents. What showed us that, in the speech of the children analyzed, the hesitations demonstrated greater involvement / conflict with the selection of smaller elements - clitic groups and phonological words / lexical and morphological items. As for the relationship between hesitations and relative prominence, we found: (1) a higher percentage of hesitations in an intonational phrase; (2) higher percentage of hesitative occurrences identified in a weak position; (3) statistical difference between the positions, except for the phonological word; and (4) in the weak position, the clitic group had a higher incidence of hesitation. We verify that language phenomena linked to prosodically strong and weak portions of utterances are related differently, depending on the degrees of prominence in each constituent - revealing its extremely complex functioning. Indeed, there are multiple different prosodic domains - by which this functioning can be described, and each domain is configured in different ways, since they are in question, in the organization of each prosodic constituent, different forms of relationship between phonological information and information related to it, coming from other levels of grammar.
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Palavras-chave
Hesitações, Constituintes prosódicos, Linguagem na infância, Hesitations, Prosodic constituents, Language in childhood