Efeitos da eletroestimulação neuromuscular na ação biomecânica dos músculos masseter e temporal, nas variáveis fisiológicas do sono e na distribuição de gordura corporal em pacientes com síndrome de Down
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2020-08-26
Autores
Soviero, Laura Dias
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Avaliamos os efeitos terapêuticos da eletroestimulação neuromuscular de superfície (EENMs) sobre a biomecânica dos músculos masseter e temporal e as variáveis fisiológicas do sono em pacientes jovens e adultos com síndrome de Down (SD). A distribuição da gordura corporal foi também analisada, antes e após a terapia proposta, a fim de averiguar a presença de possíveis variações, particularmente na região do pescoço. Seis sujeitos com SD foram selecionados e submetidos à terapia com EENMs. Os efeitos terapêuticos sobre as atividades elétricas dos músculos masseter (porção superficial) e temporal (porção anterior), a amplitude de abertura de boca e a intensidade de força de mordida foram investigados por meio de eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs), paquímetro analógico e transdutor de força, respectivamente. As variáveis fisiológicas do sono foram analisadas através da polissonografia – tipo II (PSG-II); enquanto que a distribuição de gordura corporal foi mensurada através de análise antropométrica, incluindo o índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência do pescoço (CP), circunferência abdominal e razão cintura e quadril (RCQ). Esses métodos de análise foram realizados antes e após terapia proposta. Observamos que a terapia EENMs reduziu a CP (valores) e a RCQ (valores) sugerindo benefício ao risco de disfunções cardiovasculares. A EMG dos músculos mastigatórios em repouso foi maior em todos os grupos estudados e a redução da abertura máxima bucal (controle 5,6 ±1,2 cm x 4,8 ± 0,7 cm pós tratamento), sinalizam que houve um aumento do tônus muscular. Já a EMGs em contração máxima voluntária e intercuspidação máxima não mostraram alterações significativas, embora a Força Máxima Mandibular tenha aumentado de 39,8±13,5 para 44,0±14,8 KgF pós tratamento, tais achados mostraram um benefício no incremento de unidades motoras, e sugerem que a presença de interferências oclusais e ausência de elementos dentários comumente encontrados na SD, prejudicaram os registros eletromiográficos, nesta condição de coleta. Em relação a PSG, observamos a redução no grau de severidade no índice de apneia/hipopnéia, mostrando que a EENMs interferiu nos parâmetros do sono e no risco de AOS nestes pacientes. Portanto, nossos resultados em conjunto, sugerem que terapia aplicada no pressente estudo pode agregar fatores positivos na saúde e na qualidade de vida para os indivíduos portadores de SD.
We evaluated the therapeutic effects of neuromuscular surface electrostimulation (NMES) on the biomechanics of the masseter and temporal muscles and the physiological variables of sleep in young and adult patients with Down syndrome (DS). The distribution of body fat was also analyzed, before and after the proposed therapy, in order to ascertain the presence of possible variations, particularly in the neck region. Six subjects with DS were selected and submitted to therapy with NMES. The therapeutic effects on the electrical activities of the masseter (superficial portion) and temporal (anterior portion) muscles, the amplitude of mouth opening and the intensity of the bite force were investigated by means of surface electromyography (EMGs), analog caliper and transducer of strength, respectively. The physiological variables of sleep were analyzed using polysomnography - type II (PSG-II); whereas, the distribution of body fat was measured through anthropometric analysis, including body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (CP), abdominal circumference and waist and hip ratio (WHR). These methods of analysis were performed before and after proposed therapy. We observed that NMES therapy reduced CP (values) and WHR (values) suggesting a benefit to the risk of cardiovascular dysfunction. The EMG of the masticatory muscles at rest was greater in all groups studied and the reduction in maximum mouth opening (control 5.6 ± 1.2 cm x 4.8 ± 0.7 cm after treatment), indicates that there was an increase in the muscle tone. The EMGs in maximum voluntary contraction and maximum intercuspation did not show significant changes, although the Maximum Mandibular Strength increased from 39.8 ± 13.5 to 44.0 ± 14.8 KgF after treatment, such findings showed a benefit in the increase of motor units, and suggest that the presence of occlusal interference and the absence of dental elements commonly found in DS, impaired the electromyographic records, in this collection condition. Regarding PSG, we observed a reduction in the degree of severity in the apnea / hypopnea index, showing that NMES interfered with sleep parameters and the risk of OSA in these patients. Therefore, our results together suggest that therapy applied in the present study may add positive factors in health and quality of life for individuals with DS.
We evaluated the therapeutic effects of neuromuscular surface electrostimulation (NMES) on the biomechanics of the masseter and temporal muscles and the physiological variables of sleep in young and adult patients with Down syndrome (DS). The distribution of body fat was also analyzed, before and after the proposed therapy, in order to ascertain the presence of possible variations, particularly in the neck region. Six subjects with DS were selected and submitted to therapy with NMES. The therapeutic effects on the electrical activities of the masseter (superficial portion) and temporal (anterior portion) muscles, the amplitude of mouth opening and the intensity of the bite force were investigated by means of surface electromyography (EMGs), analog caliper and transducer of strength, respectively. The physiological variables of sleep were analyzed using polysomnography - type II (PSG-II); whereas, the distribution of body fat was measured through anthropometric analysis, including body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (CP), abdominal circumference and waist and hip ratio (WHR). These methods of analysis were performed before and after proposed therapy. We observed that NMES therapy reduced CP (values) and WHR (values) suggesting a benefit to the risk of cardiovascular dysfunction. The EMG of the masticatory muscles at rest was greater in all groups studied and the reduction in maximum mouth opening (control 5.6 ± 1.2 cm x 4.8 ± 0.7 cm after treatment), indicates that there was an increase in the muscle tone. The EMGs in maximum voluntary contraction and maximum intercuspation did not show significant changes, although the Maximum Mandibular Strength increased from 39.8 ± 13.5 to 44.0 ± 14.8 KgF after treatment, such findings showed a benefit in the increase of motor units, and suggest that the presence of occlusal interference and the absence of dental elements commonly found in DS, impaired the electromyographic records, in this collection condition. Regarding PSG, we observed a reduction in the degree of severity in the apnea / hypopnea index, showing that NMES interfered with sleep parameters and the risk of OSA in these patients. Therefore, our results together suggest that therapy applied in the present study may add positive factors in health and quality of life for individuals with DS.
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Síndrome de Down, Músculos Mastigatórios, Distúrbios do Sono, Eletroestimulação Neuromuscular, Gordura Corporal, Eletromiografia, Polissonografia, Down`s syndrome, Masticatory muscles, Sleep disorders, Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, Body fat, Polysomnography