Vigilância epidemiológica da raiva na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo no período de 1993 a 2019
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Data
2021-05-31
Autores
Mello, Luciana Coimbra de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A raiva é uma antropozoonose infectocontagiosa causada pelo vírus da raiva (RABV), altamente neurotrópico, que provoca encefalomielite aguda com evolução rápida e progressiva, causadora de mortes tanto em animais quanto em humanos. No Brasil, a vigilância epidemiológica, incluindo a vigilância laboratorial por meio da análise de amostras de diferentes espécies animais, tem sido uma das principais ferramentas para o controle dessa zoonose. O presente estudo avaliou alguns componentes do sistema da vigilância da raiva (vigilância laboratorial e estrutura de serviços de zoonoses) na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo, no período entre 1993 e 2019. Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo utilizando os registros de dados do Laboratório de Raiva da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Araçatuba (FMVA), Unesp (LRA – Unesp). Os serviços municipais de controle de zoonoses da região também foram avaliados por meio de questionário semiestruturado dividido em três eixos: 1. Identificação, 2. Estrutura dos serviços de vigilância da raiva e 3. Atividades de vigilância da raiva. O maior número de amostras enviadas para exame de raiva, no período avaliado, foi de quirópteros; a meta de envio de amostras caninas para vigilância laboratorial da raiva foi cumprida ou superada, na maioria dos municípios, apenas no período de raiva epidêmica (de 1993 a 1998); a partir de 1999 observou-se diminuição gradativa dos municípios que cumpriram a meta e aumento dos que não enviaram amostras. A maioria dos municípios avaliados (97,5%) possuem pelo menos um médico veterinário, 32,5% possuem alojamento para observação de cães e apenas 27,5% possuem instalações para realização de necropsia. Há necessidade de melhoria das estruturas físicas para observação de animais suspeitos, para realização de eutanásia e de necropsia e capacitação dos profissionais para identificação de animais suspeitos bem como para o preenchimento correto do formulário de envio de amostras.
Rabies is an infectious anthropozoonosis caused by the highly neurotropic rabies virus (RABV), which leads to an acute encephalomyelitis with a rapid and progressive course that causes death in both animals and humans. In Brazil, the Epidemiological surveillance, which includes rabies laboratory surveillance by analyzing different animals ‘species samples, has been one of the main tools for its control. The present study evaluated some components of the rabies surveillance system (laboratory diagnosis and structure of the zoonosis services) in the northwestern region São Paulo State, in the period from 1993 to 2019. A retrospective study was conducted using the data records of the Rabies Laboratory of the Araçatuba School of Veterinary Medicine Unesp (LRA – Unesp). The zoonosis control services of the Municipalities in the region have also been evaluated by means of a semi-structured form divided into three axes: 1. identification, 2. structure of rabies surveillance services, and 3. rabies surveillance activities. Most of the evaluated municipalities (97.5%) have at least one veterinarian, 32.5% have dog observation facilities, and only 27.5% have the facility to perform necropsies. The highest number of samples sent for rabies examination in the evaluated period were from chiropterous; the goal of sending canine samples for rabies laboratory surveillance was achieved or exceeded in most of the municipalities only in the period of rabies epidemics (from 1993 to 1998); after 1999, there was a progressive decrease in the number of municipalities that reached the goal and an increase in the number of the ones that failed to send samples. Improvement on the physical structures for observation of suspect animals, for the performance of euthanasia and necropsy, and the training of professionals for the identification of suspect animals as well as for the correct filling out of samples submission form is mandatory.
Rabies is an infectious anthropozoonosis caused by the highly neurotropic rabies virus (RABV), which leads to an acute encephalomyelitis with a rapid and progressive course that causes death in both animals and humans. In Brazil, the Epidemiological surveillance, which includes rabies laboratory surveillance by analyzing different animals ‘species samples, has been one of the main tools for its control. The present study evaluated some components of the rabies surveillance system (laboratory diagnosis and structure of the zoonosis services) in the northwestern region São Paulo State, in the period from 1993 to 2019. A retrospective study was conducted using the data records of the Rabies Laboratory of the Araçatuba School of Veterinary Medicine Unesp (LRA – Unesp). The zoonosis control services of the Municipalities in the region have also been evaluated by means of a semi-structured form divided into three axes: 1. identification, 2. structure of rabies surveillance services, and 3. rabies surveillance activities. Most of the evaluated municipalities (97.5%) have at least one veterinarian, 32.5% have dog observation facilities, and only 27.5% have the facility to perform necropsies. The highest number of samples sent for rabies examination in the evaluated period were from chiropterous; the goal of sending canine samples for rabies laboratory surveillance was achieved or exceeded in most of the municipalities only in the period of rabies epidemics (from 1993 to 1998); after 1999, there was a progressive decrease in the number of municipalities that reached the goal and an increase in the number of the ones that failed to send samples. Improvement on the physical structures for observation of suspect animals, for the performance of euthanasia and necropsy, and the training of professionals for the identification of suspect animals as well as for the correct filling out of samples submission form is mandatory.
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Palavras-chave
Hidrofobia, Zoonoses, Epidemiologia, Diagnóstico, Doenças transmissíveis, Rabies, Zoonosis, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Communicable Diseases