Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors
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Data
2009-09-23
Autores
Van Bressem, Marie-Francoise
Antonio Raga, Juan
Di Guardo, Giovanni
Jepson, Paul D.
Duignan, Padraig J.
Siebert, Ursula
Barrett, Tom
de Oliveira Santos, Marcos Cesar [UNESP]
Moreno, Ignacio B.
Siciliano, Salvatore
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Inter-research
Resumo
We reviewed prominent emerging infectious diseases of cetaceans, examined their potential to impact populations, re-assessed zoonotic risk and evaluated the role of environmental stressors. Cetacean morbilliviruses and papillomaviruses as well as Brucella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are thought to interfere with population abundance by inducing high mortalities, lowering reproductive success or by synergistically increasing the virulence of other diseases. Severe cases of lobomycosis and lobomycosis-like disease (LLD) may contribute to the death of some dolphins. The zoonotic hazard of marine mammal brucellosis and toxoplasmosis may have been underestimated, attributable to frequent misdiagnoses and underreporting, particularly in developing countries and remote areas where carcass handling without protective gear and human consumption of fresh cetacean products are commonplace. Environmental factors seem to play a role in the emergence and pathogenicity of morbillivirus epidemics, lobomycosis/LLD, toxoplasmosis, poxvirus-associated tattoo skin disease and, in harbour porpoises, infectious diseases of multifactorial aetiology. Inshore and estuarine cetaceans incur higher risks than pelagic cetaceans due to habitats often severely altered by anthropogenic factors such as chemical and biological contamination, direct and indirect fisheries interactions, traumatic injuries from vessel collisions and climate change.
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Emerging diseases, Cetaceans, Morbilliviruses, Poxviruses, Papillomaviruses, Brucella spp., Lacazia loboi, Toxoplasma gondii, Environmental stressors, Zoonosis
Como citar
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. Oldendorf Luhe: Inter-research, v. 86, n. 2, p. 143-157, 2009.