Proposta para a priorização da fiscalização de atividades industriais com potencial de poluição das águas subterrâneas.
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Data
2021-08-05
Autores
Jesus, Lucas Scarpanti de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Como existem múltiplas fontes de poluição e dificuldade em estabelecer critérios de priorização de áreas a serem investigadas, é necessário utilizar ferramentas e técnicas que possibilitem orientar e planejar inspeções de campo. Essa tese apresenta uma proposta para priorização na fiscalização de indústrias, fontes potenciais de poluição da água subterrânea, e sua aplicação em três municípios do interior de São Paulo. A proposta elaborada é baseada no potencial poluidor das fontes, na vulnerabilidade dos aquíferos e em áreas de proteção de poços de captação de raio fixo de 500 m. A partir do cruzamento desses três componentes em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas propôs-se o Índice de Priorização de Inspeções Ambientais visando a Prevenção a Poluição das Água Subterrâneas, resumindo em inglês índice EIP – Envinronmental Inspections Prioritization. O Cadastro de Áreas Contaminadas e Reabilitadas do Estado de São Paulo foi utilizado para a elaboração de índice de classificação de potencial poluidor para contaminação em geral e por DNAPLs denominado PPOF –- Pollution Potential by Occurrence Frequency. O potencial poluidor foi avaliado aplicando-se o método POSH-IG e o Índice PPOF sobre o cadastro de atividades fontes de poluição da CETESB. A vulnerabilidade dos aquíferos foi obtida pelo método GOD utilizando a hidrogeologia regional. Delimitou-se as áreas de proteção para os poços cadastrados no DAEE. Essas foram priorizadas pelas vazões outorgadas propondo-se o índice FQ – Fator de vazão, ou com base nos tempos de trânsito em 500 m propondo-se o índice PTOT – Prioritization by Time of Travel. Os índices foram analisados por mapas de densidade de Kernel. Foram priorizadas 114 fontes com foco em DNAPLs e 231 fontes com foco em contaminação em geral como de alta prioridade para inspeção do universo de 2887, reduções de 96% e 91,8%, respectivamente. Os mapas de densidade revelaram um hot spot de 1,62 km² e 21 indústrias com foco em contaminação por DNAPLs, e dois hot spots somando 2,71 km² e 95 empresas com foco em contaminação em geral, todos de alta prioridade para inspeção. Os critérios propostos foram satisfatórios na priorização de fontes e indicação de áreas de interesse para realização de inspeções ambientais na área de estudo, porém com limitações que os tornam orientadores e não determinantes dessas ações.
As there are multiple sources of pollution and difficulty in establishing criteria for prioritizing areas to be investigated, it is necessary to use tools and techniques that make it possible to guide and plan field inspections. This thesis presents a proposal for prioritizing inspection of industries, potential sources of groundwater pollution, and its application in three municipalities in the interior of São Paulo. The proposal developed is based on the polluting potential of the sources, the vulnerability of the aquifers and on a fixed radius well-head protection area of 500 m. From the crossing of these three components in a Geographic Information System, the Environmental Inspections Prioritization - EIP Index was proposed, aiming at the Prevention of Groundwater Pollution. The Register of Contaminated and Rehabilitated Sites in the State of São Paulo was used to prepare a classification index of polluting potential for contamination in general and by DNAPLs called PPOF – Pollution Potential by Occurrence Frequency. The pollution potential was evaluated by applying the POSH-IG method and PPOF Index on the registration activities sources of pollution CETESB. Aquifer vulnerability was obtained by the GOD method using regional hydrogeology. The well-head protection areas were delimited for wells registered in the DAEE. These were prioritized by the granted flows, proposing the FQ index - Flow factor, or based on the transit times in 500 m, proposing the PTOT index – Prioritization by Time of Travel. The indices were analyzed by Kernel density maps. 114 sources focused on DNAPLs and 231 sources focused on contamination in general were prioritized as high priority for inspection of the universe of 2887, reductions of 96% and 91.8% respectively. Density maps revealed a 1.62 km² hot spot with 21 industries focusing on DNAPL contamination, and two hot spots totaling 2.71 km² with 95 companies focusing on overall contamination, all of high priority for inspection. The proposed criteria were satisfactory in prioritizing sources and indicating areas of interest for carrying out environmental inspections in the study areas, but with limitations that make them orienting and not determining these actions.
As there are multiple sources of pollution and difficulty in establishing criteria for prioritizing areas to be investigated, it is necessary to use tools and techniques that make it possible to guide and plan field inspections. This thesis presents a proposal for prioritizing inspection of industries, potential sources of groundwater pollution, and its application in three municipalities in the interior of São Paulo. The proposal developed is based on the polluting potential of the sources, the vulnerability of the aquifers and on a fixed radius well-head protection area of 500 m. From the crossing of these three components in a Geographic Information System, the Environmental Inspections Prioritization - EIP Index was proposed, aiming at the Prevention of Groundwater Pollution. The Register of Contaminated and Rehabilitated Sites in the State of São Paulo was used to prepare a classification index of polluting potential for contamination in general and by DNAPLs called PPOF – Pollution Potential by Occurrence Frequency. The pollution potential was evaluated by applying the POSH-IG method and PPOF Index on the registration activities sources of pollution CETESB. Aquifer vulnerability was obtained by the GOD method using regional hydrogeology. The well-head protection areas were delimited for wells registered in the DAEE. These were prioritized by the granted flows, proposing the FQ index - Flow factor, or based on the transit times in 500 m, proposing the PTOT index – Prioritization by Time of Travel. The indices were analyzed by Kernel density maps. 114 sources focused on DNAPLs and 231 sources focused on contamination in general were prioritized as high priority for inspection of the universe of 2887, reductions of 96% and 91.8% respectively. Density maps revealed a 1.62 km² hot spot with 21 industries focusing on DNAPL contamination, and two hot spots totaling 2.71 km² with 95 companies focusing on overall contamination, all of high priority for inspection. The proposed criteria were satisfactory in prioritizing sources and indicating areas of interest for carrying out environmental inspections in the study areas, but with limitations that make them orienting and not determining these actions.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Águas subterrâneas, Potencial poluidor, Áreas de proteção de poços, SIG, Densidade de Kernel, Groundwater, Polluting potential, Aquifer vulnerability, Well head protection areas, Kernel density