Análise das técnicas construtivas e de operação de aterros em atendimento às normas brasileiras
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Data
2021-01-22
Autores
Pardinho, Barbara Sopha
Santos, Pietra Roque dos
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No Brasil, a Lei 12305/2010 instituiu a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, que além de estabelecer diretrizes à gestão de resíduos, determinou como meta a extinção de lixões e a disposição final de rejeitos em aterros. A técnica do aterramento permite um controle mais seguro do processo de decomposição dos resíduos, apresentando uma boa relação custobenefício. No entanto, as reações químicas e biológicas que ocorrem durante a decomposição dos rejeitos, geram efluentes líquidos (chorume) e gasosos (biogás). Para que estes efluentes não gerem passivos ambientais é necessário o atendimento às normas construtivas estabelecidas pela Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas - ABNT. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar comparativamente os requisitos normativos para projeto, construção e operação dos aterros industriais, sanitários e de inertes. Nesta análise foram considerados os métodos construtivos de rampa, de área e de vala ou trincheira e os geossintéticos aplicados nas diferentes fases de construção e de operação dos aterros. Também foram dimensionados dois projetos, um de aterro sanitário e outro de aterro de inertes, considerando as condições de um município de 20.000 habitantes. Da elaboração destes projetos, foi possível concluir que, além das características topográficas, geológicas, pedológicas, hídricas e climáticas do local, é indispensável considerar a geração per capta de resíduos e a disponibilidade de recursos, para a seleção do modelo construtivo adequado, visando garantir maior tempo de vida útil do aterro. Quanto à aplicação de geossintéticos em aterros, destacam-se a geomembrana de PEAD, empregada na etapa de impermeabilização do leito das células, e a geomanta, no fechamento das células, por apresentar elevada estabilidade e resistência aos raios ultravioletas
In Brazil, Law 12305/2010 instituted the National Solid Waste Policy, which in addition to establishing guidelines for waste management, set the goal of extinction of dumping ground and the final disposal of waste in landfills. The grounding technique allows a safer control of the waste decomposition process, presenting a good cost-benefit ratio. However, the chemical and biological reactions that occur during the decomposition of the tailings, generate liquid (leachate) and gaseous (biogas) effluents. So that these effluents do not generate environmental liabilities, it is necessary to comply with the construction standards established by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards - ABNT. In this context, this capstone project aimed to comparatively analyze the normative requirements for the design, construction and operation of industrial, sanitary and construction/demolition landfills. In this analysis, the construction methods of ramp, area and ditch or trench and geosynthetics applied in the different phases of construction and operation of the landfills were considered. Two projects were also designed, one for sanitary landfill and the other for construction and demolition landfill, considering the conditions of a municipality of 20,000 inhabitants. From the elaboration of these projects, it was possible to conclude that, in addition to the topographic, geological, pedological, water and climatic characteristics of the site, it is essential to consider the per capita generation of waste and the availability of resources, for the selection of the appropriate construction model, in order to guarantee longer life of the landfill. As for the application of geosynthetics in landfills, the highlights are the HDPE geomembrane, used in the cell bed waterproofing stage, and the geomanta, in the closing of the cells, for presenting high stability and resistance to ultraviolet rays.
In Brazil, Law 12305/2010 instituted the National Solid Waste Policy, which in addition to establishing guidelines for waste management, set the goal of extinction of dumping ground and the final disposal of waste in landfills. The grounding technique allows a safer control of the waste decomposition process, presenting a good cost-benefit ratio. However, the chemical and biological reactions that occur during the decomposition of the tailings, generate liquid (leachate) and gaseous (biogas) effluents. So that these effluents do not generate environmental liabilities, it is necessary to comply with the construction standards established by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards - ABNT. In this context, this capstone project aimed to comparatively analyze the normative requirements for the design, construction and operation of industrial, sanitary and construction/demolition landfills. In this analysis, the construction methods of ramp, area and ditch or trench and geosynthetics applied in the different phases of construction and operation of the landfills were considered. Two projects were also designed, one for sanitary landfill and the other for construction and demolition landfill, considering the conditions of a municipality of 20,000 inhabitants. From the elaboration of these projects, it was possible to conclude that, in addition to the topographic, geological, pedological, water and climatic characteristics of the site, it is essential to consider the per capita generation of waste and the availability of resources, for the selection of the appropriate construction model, in order to guarantee longer life of the landfill. As for the application of geosynthetics in landfills, the highlights are the HDPE geomembrane, used in the cell bed waterproofing stage, and the geomanta, in the closing of the cells, for presenting high stability and resistance to ultraviolet rays.
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Palavras-chave
Environmental sanitation. Constructive techniques. Waste management. Geosynthetics. Landfills. Sustainability ., Saneamento ambiental, Técnicas construtivas, Gestão de resíduos, Geossintéticos, Aterros, Sustentabilidade, Environmental sanitation, Constructive techniques, Waste management, Geosynthetics, Landfills, Sustainability, Construção sustentável, Saneamento, Reaproveitamento (Sobras, refugos e etc.)