Síndrome de disfunção cognitiva em cães: relações com a doença de Alzheimer em humanos
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Data
2022-01-19
Autores
Ribeiro, Heloísa Máximo
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A doença de Alzheimer é uma desordem neurodegenerativa crônico-progressiva que acomete humanos, sendo considerada a forma mais comum de demência na espécie. Pesquisas apontam semelhanças entre a doença em humanos e a síndrome de disfunção cognitiva em cães, principalmente no que diz respeito à fisiopatogenia. Ambas possuem como mecanismos patológicos mais importantes o acúmulo da proteína Beta-amilóide e da proteína tau em regiões específicas do sistema nervoso central, bem como o dano cerebral oxidativo, além de alterações em sistemas de neurotransmissão. Por outro lado, a sintomatologia, os métodos diagnósticos e as terapêuticas instituídas diferem entre as doenças, passando a serem relacionadas de maneira menos estreita. Afirma-se que humanos e cães apresentam quadros clínicos condizentes com comprometimento cognitivo. Nos humanos, enfatiza-se a perda da memória episódica e a dificuldade de raciocínio. Nos cães, os sinais referidos envolvem frequentemente dificuldade quanto à orientação espacial, alterações na rotina de eliminação e no ciclo sono-vigília. Os métodos diagnósticos buscam a exclusão de doenças que cursam com mesmo quadro clínico e a aplicação de testes de avaliação cognitiva em ambas espécies. As diretrizes brasileiras para o tratamento da doença de Alzheimer apontam a necessidade da abordagem multidisciplinar por meio de fármacos em monoterapia ou em associação. Em contraste, o tratamento da síndrome de disfunção cognitiva em cães envolve a terapia comportamental, o uso de medicamentos e nutracêuticos, além de fármacos específicos para cada distúrbio cognitivo-comportamental apresentado. O presente estudo revisou os principais aspectos da doença de Alzheimer em humanos e da síndrome de disfunção cognitiva em cães, com ênfase em epidemiologia, fisiopatogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e tratamento.
Alzheimer's disease is a chronic-progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects humans, being considered the most common form of dementia in the species. Researches point out similarities between the disease in humans and the cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs, especially with regard to pathophysiology. Both diseases have similar pathological mechanisms: the accumulation of Beta-amyloid and tau protein in specific regions of the central nervous system; oxidative damage to the brain, as well as changes in neurochemical systems, i.e. cholinergic and dopaminergic. On the other hand, the signs presented by the patients, the diagnostic methods and the therapy approaches differ between the pathologies, being less closely related. Both humans and dogs show clinical signs consistent with cognitive impairment. In humans, episodic memory loss and difficulty in reasoning are emphasized. In dogs, the referred signs mostly involve difficult in spatial orientation, housesoiling and changes in the sleep-wake cycle. Diagnostic methods, in both species, aim to exclude diseases that have the same clinical signs of the conditions in question and to assess cognitive status through the application of assessment tests. Brazilian guidelines for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease point to the need for a multidisciplinary approach using drugs in monotherapy or in association. Meanwhile, the treatment of cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs involves behavioural therapy, the use of medications and nutraceuticals, as well as specific drugs for each cognitive-behavioural disorder presented. The present study reviewed the main aspects and possible relationship between Alzheimer's disease in humans and cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs, with an emphasis on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and therapy approaches.
Alzheimer's disease is a chronic-progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects humans, being considered the most common form of dementia in the species. Researches point out similarities between the disease in humans and the cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs, especially with regard to pathophysiology. Both diseases have similar pathological mechanisms: the accumulation of Beta-amyloid and tau protein in specific regions of the central nervous system; oxidative damage to the brain, as well as changes in neurochemical systems, i.e. cholinergic and dopaminergic. On the other hand, the signs presented by the patients, the diagnostic methods and the therapy approaches differ between the pathologies, being less closely related. Both humans and dogs show clinical signs consistent with cognitive impairment. In humans, episodic memory loss and difficulty in reasoning are emphasized. In dogs, the referred signs mostly involve difficult in spatial orientation, housesoiling and changes in the sleep-wake cycle. Diagnostic methods, in both species, aim to exclude diseases that have the same clinical signs of the conditions in question and to assess cognitive status through the application of assessment tests. Brazilian guidelines for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease point to the need for a multidisciplinary approach using drugs in monotherapy or in association. Meanwhile, the treatment of cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs involves behavioural therapy, the use of medications and nutraceuticals, as well as specific drugs for each cognitive-behavioural disorder presented. The present study reviewed the main aspects and possible relationship between Alzheimer's disease in humans and cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs, with an emphasis on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and therapy approaches.
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Palavras-chave
CDS, Canine cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer, Disfunção cognitiva canina, SDC,