Aspectos construtivos e projetuais de edifício residencial dos anos de 1970 em São Paulo, SP: análise comparativa da evolução e relação com a legislação até os dias atuais
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Data
2022-02-11
Autores
Hayashi, Juliana Naomi
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Na cidade de São Paulo (SP), a construção civil de edifícios residenciais de múltiplos pavimentos intensificou-se na década de 1930, com estruturas de concreto armado e alvenaria de vedação. Esse processo construtivo se mantém majoritário nos edifícios paulistanos, ocorrendo, contudo, ao longo do tempo modificações e avanços nas técnicas construtivas. Para analisar essas mudanças, neste trabalho, um edifício construído em 1973 foi selecionado como objeto de estudo. Essa escolha foi motivada pela sua construção ter ocorrido em um período anterior às novas normas e códigos de obras elaborados após as tragédias nos incêndios dos Edifícios Andraus e Joelma, em 1972 e 1974, respectivamente, possibilitando a identificação das mudanças, entre a década de 1970 e hoje em dia, ocorridas tanto na segurança contra incêndio quanto nos demais subsistemas que compõem um edifício. As técnicas construtivas do objeto de estudo – nos subsistemas de superestrutura, vedação, revestimento, esquadrias, hidrossanitário, elétrica, gás, segurança contra incêndio e cobertura – identificadas em pesquisa de campo foram comparadas com técnicas e tecnologias aplicadas às construções atuais, considerando o ano de 2021. A partir da análise comparativa, conclui-se que novas técnicas surgiram para promover a industrialização de processos artesanais, garantir a manutenibilidade dos subsistemas, inserir o fator sustentabilidade, aumentar a segurança e aplicar ou criar novos equipamentos, ferramentas e materiais desenvolvidos entre as décadas de 1980 e 2010, na construção de edifícios residenciais.
In the city of São Paulo (SP), civil construction of multiple floors residential buildings intensified in the 1930s, with reinforced concrete structure and masonry walls. This constructive process remains in majority of São Paulo’s buildings, occurring, however, along time changes and improvements in the constructive techniques. To analyze these changes, in this monograph, a building constructed in 1973 was selected as a study object. This choice was motivated by its construction have occurred in a prior period to the new standards and building codes elaborated after the tragedies of fire in Andraus and Joelma’s buildings, in 1972 and 1974, respectively, enabling the identification of changes, between the decade of 1970 and nowadays, in fire safety as well as in other subsystems that form a building. The constructive techniques of the study object – in the subsystems of structure, masonry, coating, door and window framing, plumbing, electric power, gas, fire safety and roofing – identified in field research were compared to techniques and technologies applied to new constructions considering the year of 2021. From the comparative analyses, is conclusive that new techniques came up to promote the industrialization of artisanal process, to guarantee the maintainability of subsystems, to insert the sustainability factor, to increase safety and to apply or create new equipment, tools and materials developed between the decades of 1980 and 2010, in construction of residential buildings.
In the city of São Paulo (SP), civil construction of multiple floors residential buildings intensified in the 1930s, with reinforced concrete structure and masonry walls. This constructive process remains in majority of São Paulo’s buildings, occurring, however, along time changes and improvements in the constructive techniques. To analyze these changes, in this monograph, a building constructed in 1973 was selected as a study object. This choice was motivated by its construction have occurred in a prior period to the new standards and building codes elaborated after the tragedies of fire in Andraus and Joelma’s buildings, in 1972 and 1974, respectively, enabling the identification of changes, between the decade of 1970 and nowadays, in fire safety as well as in other subsystems that form a building. The constructive techniques of the study object – in the subsystems of structure, masonry, coating, door and window framing, plumbing, electric power, gas, fire safety and roofing – identified in field research were compared to techniques and technologies applied to new constructions considering the year of 2021. From the comparative analyses, is conclusive that new techniques came up to promote the industrialization of artisanal process, to guarantee the maintainability of subsystems, to insert the sustainability factor, to increase safety and to apply or create new equipment, tools and materials developed between the decades of 1980 and 2010, in construction of residential buildings.
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Palavras-chave
Multiple Floors Buildings. Evolution. Constructive Techniques and Technologies. Building Subsystems. Building Legislation., Edifício de Múltiplos Pavimentos, Evolução, Técnicas e Tecnologias Construtivas, Subsistemas de Edifícios, Legislação edilícia, Multiple Floors Buildings, Evolution, Constructive Techniques and Technologies, Building Subsystems, Building Legislation, Construção civil, Edifícios, estruturas, etc, Condomínios