Prevalência de endoparasitos e caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. em amostras fecais de capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) em áreas urbanas
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Data
2022-12-06
Autores
Hossotani, Camila Michele de Souza
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) pertencem à família Caviidae e subfamília Hydrochoerinae. Seu habitat são ambientes próximos de leitos antigos de rios, lagoas e em margens de rios. As parasitoses de capivaras despertam interesse devido à sua crescente presença em áreas alagadas e antrópicas, como praças, parques e represas. Por isso, há uma crescente preocupação quanto à relação desses animais atuarem como reservatórios e representar fontes de infecção de parasitos para o homem. Algumas áreas antrópicas, como parques e praças que possuem lagos naturais ou artificiais, abrigam uma considerável densidade e biomassa de capivaras. Já foram encontradas em fezes de capivaras algumas espécies de protozoários, como Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium sp. e Eimeria sp., além de ovos de helmintos, como Fasciola hepatica, Trichostrongyloidea e Capillaria spp.. Tendo em vista o potencial das capivaras atuarem como reservatório para diversas parasitoses e a falta de estudos sobre a ocorrência e a caracterização molecular de espécies e genótipos de Cryptosporidium que infectam capivaras, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a prevalência de endoparasitos e realizar a caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. em populações de capivaras presentes em áreas urbanas. Um total de 401 e 392 amostras fecais de capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) foi analisado por microscopia para a detecção de Cryptosporidium spp. e de outros endoparasitos, respectivamente. A detecção e análise moleculares de Cryptosporidium spp. foram realizadas pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase para amplificação de fragmento parcial dos genes da subunidade 18S do rRNA (18S rRNA), actina, proteína do choque térmico (HSP70) e glicoproteína (GP60). Os resultados dos exames microscópicos e moleculares revelaram prevalência de 0,25% (1/401) e 0,5% (2/401) para Cryptosporidium spp., respectivamente, e a presença de um novo genótipo de Cryptosporidium, denominado como Cryptosporidium genótipo capivara. As sequências genéticas amplificadas por PCR para amplificação de fragmentos parciais dos genes 18S rRNA, HSP70, actina e GP-60 de Cryptosporidium genótipo capivara apresentaram similaridade genética com Cryptosporidium wrairi de 99%, 99,7%, 99,5% e 91,5%, respectivamente. Dentre as 392 amostras pesquisadas para a presença de endoparasitos, 84% (329/392) foram positivas e 14% (63/392) foram negativas para parasitoses gastrointestinais. Dentre as amostras positivas, foram encontradas as seguintes taxas de ocorrências: oocistos de Eimeria spp. (62%; 245/392), ovos de Trichostrongylidae (39%; 155/392), Capillaria sp. (1%; 6/392), Anoplocephalidae (2/392; 0,5%), Strongyloides spp. (0,5%; 2/392), Paramphitosmatidae (0,7%; 3/392) e ovos e adultos de Protozoophaga obesa (24%, 93/392). Foi observada uma baixa prevalência de Cryptosporidium spp., com identificação de um novo genótipo de Cryptosporidium em capivaras de áreas urbanas. Além disso, nossos resultados indicaram uma alta ocorrência de amostras positivas para diversos gêneros/famílias de parasitos, demonstrando o alto potencial desses animais abrigarem espécies variadas de parasitos e atuarem como reservatórios e possíveis dispersores de diversas parasitoses.
Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) belongs to the family Caviidae and subfamily Hydrochoerinae. Its habitat is environments close to old riverbeds, lakes and on riverbanks. Capybara parasites arouse interest due to their increasing presence in flooded and anthropic areas, such as squares, parks, and dams. Therefore, there is a growing concern about the relationship of these animals as reservoirs and represent sources of infection of parasites for humans. Some anthropic areas, such as parks and squares that have natural or artificial lakes, harbor a considerable density and biomass of capybaras. Some species of protozoa have already been found in capybara feces, such as Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium sp. and Eimeria spp., in addition to helminths, such as Fasciola hepatica, Trichostrongyloidea and Capillaria spp.. Considering the potential of capybaras to act as a reservoir for various parasites and the lack of studies on the occurrence and molecular characterization of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium that infect capybaras, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of endoparasites and carry out the molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in populations of capybaras present in urban areas. A total of 401 and 392 fecal samples from capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) were analyzed by microscopy for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and other endoparasites, respectively. Molecular detection and analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. were performed by polymerase chain reaction for amplification of a partial fragment of the 18S rRNA subunit (18S rRNA), actin, heat shock protein (HSP70) and glycoprotein (GP60) genes. The results of microscopic and molecular screening revealed prevalence of 0.25% (1/401) and 0.5% (2/401) for Cryptosporidium spp., respectively, and the presence of a new genotype of Cryptosporidium, named as Cryptosporidium genotype capybara. Genetic sequences amplified by PCR for amplification of partial fragments of the 18S rRNA, HSP70, actin and GP60 genes of Cryptosporidium genotype capybara showed genetic similarity with C. wrairi of 99%, 99.7%, 99.5% and 91. 5%, respectively. Among the 392 samples surveyed for the presence of endoparasites, 84% (329/392) were positive and 14% (63/392) were negative for gastrointestinal parasites. Among the positive samples, the following occurrence rates were found oocysts of Eimeria sp. (62%; 245/392), eggs of Trichostrongylidae (39%; 155/392), Capillaria sp. (1%; 6/392), Anoplocephalidae (2/392; 0.5%), Strongyloides sp. (0.5%; 2/392), Paramphitosmatidae (0.7%; 3/392) and eggs and adults of Protozoophaga obesa (24%, 93/392). A low prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was observed, with identification of a new genotype of Cryptosporidium spp. in capybaras from urban areas. In addition, our results indicated a high occurrence of positive samples for several genera/families of parasites, demonstrating the high potential of these animals to harbor different species of parasites and to act as reservoirs and possible dispersers of several parasites.
Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) belongs to the family Caviidae and subfamily Hydrochoerinae. Its habitat is environments close to old riverbeds, lakes and on riverbanks. Capybara parasites arouse interest due to their increasing presence in flooded and anthropic areas, such as squares, parks, and dams. Therefore, there is a growing concern about the relationship of these animals as reservoirs and represent sources of infection of parasites for humans. Some anthropic areas, such as parks and squares that have natural or artificial lakes, harbor a considerable density and biomass of capybaras. Some species of protozoa have already been found in capybara feces, such as Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium sp. and Eimeria spp., in addition to helminths, such as Fasciola hepatica, Trichostrongyloidea and Capillaria spp.. Considering the potential of capybaras to act as a reservoir for various parasites and the lack of studies on the occurrence and molecular characterization of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium that infect capybaras, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of endoparasites and carry out the molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in populations of capybaras present in urban areas. A total of 401 and 392 fecal samples from capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) were analyzed by microscopy for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and other endoparasites, respectively. Molecular detection and analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. were performed by polymerase chain reaction for amplification of a partial fragment of the 18S rRNA subunit (18S rRNA), actin, heat shock protein (HSP70) and glycoprotein (GP60) genes. The results of microscopic and molecular screening revealed prevalence of 0.25% (1/401) and 0.5% (2/401) for Cryptosporidium spp., respectively, and the presence of a new genotype of Cryptosporidium, named as Cryptosporidium genotype capybara. Genetic sequences amplified by PCR for amplification of partial fragments of the 18S rRNA, HSP70, actin and GP60 genes of Cryptosporidium genotype capybara showed genetic similarity with C. wrairi of 99%, 99.7%, 99.5% and 91. 5%, respectively. Among the 392 samples surveyed for the presence of endoparasites, 84% (329/392) were positive and 14% (63/392) were negative for gastrointestinal parasites. Among the positive samples, the following occurrence rates were found oocysts of Eimeria sp. (62%; 245/392), eggs of Trichostrongylidae (39%; 155/392), Capillaria sp. (1%; 6/392), Anoplocephalidae (2/392; 0.5%), Strongyloides sp. (0.5%; 2/392), Paramphitosmatidae (0.7%; 3/392) and eggs and adults of Protozoophaga obesa (24%, 93/392). A low prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was observed, with identification of a new genotype of Cryptosporidium spp. in capybaras from urban areas. In addition, our results indicated a high occurrence of positive samples for several genera/families of parasites, demonstrating the high potential of these animals to harbor different species of parasites and to act as reservoirs and possible dispersers of several parasites.
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Palavras-chave
Criptosporisiose., Parasitologia., Roedores, Cryptosporidiosis, Parasitology., Rodentia