Ecologia reprodutiva do trinta-réis-de-bico-vermelho, Sterna hirundinacea Lesson, 1831 (Aves: Laridae), em uma área artificial no litoral do estado de São Paulo, Brasil
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Data
2023-02-10
Autores
Fonseca, Léo Cordeiro de Mello da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Sterna hirundinacea Lesson, 1831 é uma espécie de ave marinha/costeira pertencente à ordem Charadriiformes e à família Laridae. Sua reprodução já foi estudada anteriormente no Brasil, porém apenas em ambientes naturais e com a maior parte dos estudos tendo sido realizada no sul do país. A reprodução da espécie em ambientes artificiais já foi estudada em Coquimbo, no Chile, porém nunca antes no Brasil e acompanhando um número elevado de indivíduos. A presente pesquisa foi realizada no Terminal Aquaviário da Petrobrás (TEBAR), uma área artificial localizada no Canal de São Sebastião, durante os meses de abril a setembro de 2021. A contagem dos ninhos foi executada de maio a setembro de 2021, e 57 do total de ninhos foram selecionados para monitoramento a cada 48-72 horas. Além de S. hirundinacea, outras espécies de aves utilizaram o TEBAR em 2021, e poucos indivíduos de Thalasseus acuflavidus foram observados no local. A duração da estação reprodutiva de S. hirundinacea foi de 145 dias. Foram contabilizados 159 ninhos e 318 indivíduos maduros se reproduzindo. O local de construção dos ninhos variou dentro do TEBAR, podendo ocorrer no Píer Sul, Estação Meteorológica, Looping 2 ou na Ponte de Acesso. As aves nidificaram sobre substratos de cimento, grama, metade grama/metade terra e metade grama/metade cimento. Os materiais utilizados para a construção dos ninhos incluíram pedras, nenhum material, ferro, madeira, terra, grama, plástico e pano. O tamanho médio das ninhadas foi de 1,21 ± 0,41 ovos por ninho, incluindo ninhos com um ovo (n = 45) e com dois (n = 12). Eventos de repostura (n = 9) envolveram a postura de um novo ovo para nove casais que haviam perdido o (s) seu (s) anteriormente. O intervalo médio entre a postura do primeiro e segundo ovo em ninhos com dois ovos foi de 94,00 ± 49,50 horas. O número total de ovos postos correspondeu a 78; as medidas de comprimento, largura e volume médios no valor de 4,56 ± 0,22 cm, 3,26 ± 0,09 cm e 25,45 ± 2,01 cm³, respectivamente. Foi verificada diferença significativa nos valores biométricos em função do tipo de ovo no que diz respeito ao comprimento e volume do primeiro ovo e do segundo ovo posto. A redução média na massa dos ovos por intervalo foi calculada em 0,39 ± 0,02 g, e foi encontrada diferença significativa nas médias de massa por intervalo entre o primeiro e segundo ovo posto, e também entre o primeiro ovo posto e o ovo de repostura. Os ovos perdidos (n = 63) o foram por predação (60,3%), por gorar (34,9%) e pela presença de natimortos (4,8%). O período médio de incubação foi de 23,73 ± 2,34 dias, não tendo sido identificada diferença significativa em função do tipo de ovo. Os ninhegos nascidos saudáveis somaram 15 indivíduos (sucesso de incubação de 19,2%), dos quais 11 (73,3%) não sobreviveram. As causas de mortalidade dos ninhegos incluíram predação ou queda no mar (54,5%), atropelamento (36,4%) e causas naturais (9,1%). O maior número de mortes de ninhegos ocorreu durante os primeiros nove dias após a eclosão, e o risco demonstrou novo aumento ao atingirem 21-30 dias de vida. Quatro ninhegos atingiram a habilidade de voo, e o sucesso reprodutivo obtido se deu no valor de 5,1%. A média da estação reprodutiva para pares bem-sucedidos foi de 58,25 ± 4,19 dias, e o tempo médio para um ninhego atingir o voo se deu em 31,75 ± 2,87 dias. Os diferentes fatores estudados indicaram que a preferência das aves para reprodução no TEBAR se deu no Píer Sul, sobre o cimento e utilizando pedras para a construção dos ninhos. O maior sucesso de incubação e reprodutivo foi obtido na Estação Meteorológica, sobre a grama e utilizando grama para a construção dos ninhos. O TEBAR se mostrou um ambiente com determinadas semelhanças e diferenças na reprodução de S. hirundinacea quando comparado às áreas naturais de nidificação da espécie. A área exposta e com desenvolvimento constante de atividades antrópicas possivelmente acarretou uma maior perda de ovos e ninhegos por predação e causas relacionadas à aproximação humana. Mais estudos, e realizados de forma periódica, são necessários para diagnosticar a área do TEBAR como de fato prejudicial à S. hirundinacea, possibilitando, em caso positivo, a elaboração e implementação de medidas de conservação no local.
Sterna hirundinacea Lesson, 1831 is a species of seabird in the order Charadriiformes and family Laridae. Its reproduction has already been studied previously in Brazil, but only in natural environments, and most of the studies have been carried out in the south of the country. The reproduction of the species in artificial environments has already been studied in Coquimbo, Chile, but never before in Brazil and accompanying a large number of individuals. The present research was carried at the Petrobrás Waterway Terminal (TEBAR), an artificial area located in the São Sebastião Channel, during the months of April to September 2021. The nest count was performed from May to September 2021, and 57 of the Total nests were selected for monitoring every 48-72 hours. In addition to S. hirundinacea, other bird species used TEBAR in 2021, and few individuals of Thalasseus acuflavidus were observed at the site. The length of the breeding season for S. hirundinacea was 145 days. There were 159 nests and 318 mature individuals reproducing. The construction site of the nests varied within TEBAR, and could occur at the South Pier, Meteorological Station, Looping 2 or on the Access Bridge. The birds nested on substrates of cement, grass, half grass/half earth and half grass/half cement. The materials used for building the nests included stones, none, iron, wood, earth, grass, plastic and cloth. Mean clutch size was 1,21 ± 0,41 eggs per nest, including nests with one egg (n = 45) and with two eggs (n = 12). Relay events (n = 9) involved the laying of a new egg for nine couples who had previously lost their egg (s). The average interval between laying the first and second egg in nests with two eggs was 94,00 ± 49,50 hours. The total number of laid eggs corresponded to 78; the average length, width and volume measurements amounting to 4,56 ± 0,22 cm, 3,26 ± 0,09 cm and 25,45 ± 2,01 cm³, respectively. A significant difference was verified in the biometric values depending on the type of egg with regard to the length and volume of the first egg and the second egg laid. The mean reduction in egg mass per interval was calculated at 0,39 ± 0,02 g, and a significant difference was found in the mean mass per interval between the first and second egg laid, and also between the first egg laid and the next egg reposition. Eggs lost (n = 63) were due to predation (60,3%), gorging (34,9%) and the presence of stillbirths (4,8%). The average incubation period was 23,73 ± 2,34 days, with no significant difference being identified depending on the type of egg. The healthy born nestlings UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” Instituto de Biociências Campus do Litoral Paulista Instituto de Biociências - Campus do Litoral Paulista Praça Infante D. Henrique s/nº - CEP 11330-900 - São Vicente/SP - Brasil Tel. (13) 3569-7100 - coordenadoria@clp.unesp.br totaled 15 individuals (hatching success of 19,2%), of which 11 (73,3%) did not survive. Causes of nestling mortality included predation or falling into the sea (54,5%), being run over (36,4%) and natural causes (9,1%). The greatest number of nestling deaths occurred during the first nine days after hatching, and the risk showed a further increase when they reached 21-30 days of age. Four nestlings reached the ability to fly, and the reproductive success obtained was 5,1%. The average breeding season for successful pairs was 58,25 ± 4,19 days and the average time for a nestling to fly was 31,75 ± 2,87 days. The different factors studied indicated that the preference of birds for reproduction in TEBAR occurred at the South Pier, over cement and using stones to build the nests. The greatest incubation and reproductive success were obtained at the Meteorological Station, on grass and using grass to build the nests. TEBAR proved to be an environment with certain similarities and differences in the reproduction of S. hirundinacea when compared to the natural nesting areas of the species. The exposed area and the constant development of human activities possibly led to a greater loss of eggs and nestlings due to predation and causes related to human proximity. More studies, and carried out periodically, are necessary to diagnose the TEBAR area as actually harmful to S. hirundinacea, enabling, if so, the elaboration and implementation of conservation measures in the place.
Sterna hirundinacea Lesson, 1831 is a species of seabird in the order Charadriiformes and family Laridae. Its reproduction has already been studied previously in Brazil, but only in natural environments, and most of the studies have been carried out in the south of the country. The reproduction of the species in artificial environments has already been studied in Coquimbo, Chile, but never before in Brazil and accompanying a large number of individuals. The present research was carried at the Petrobrás Waterway Terminal (TEBAR), an artificial area located in the São Sebastião Channel, during the months of April to September 2021. The nest count was performed from May to September 2021, and 57 of the Total nests were selected for monitoring every 48-72 hours. In addition to S. hirundinacea, other bird species used TEBAR in 2021, and few individuals of Thalasseus acuflavidus were observed at the site. The length of the breeding season for S. hirundinacea was 145 days. There were 159 nests and 318 mature individuals reproducing. The construction site of the nests varied within TEBAR, and could occur at the South Pier, Meteorological Station, Looping 2 or on the Access Bridge. The birds nested on substrates of cement, grass, half grass/half earth and half grass/half cement. The materials used for building the nests included stones, none, iron, wood, earth, grass, plastic and cloth. Mean clutch size was 1,21 ± 0,41 eggs per nest, including nests with one egg (n = 45) and with two eggs (n = 12). Relay events (n = 9) involved the laying of a new egg for nine couples who had previously lost their egg (s). The average interval between laying the first and second egg in nests with two eggs was 94,00 ± 49,50 hours. The total number of laid eggs corresponded to 78; the average length, width and volume measurements amounting to 4,56 ± 0,22 cm, 3,26 ± 0,09 cm and 25,45 ± 2,01 cm³, respectively. A significant difference was verified in the biometric values depending on the type of egg with regard to the length and volume of the first egg and the second egg laid. The mean reduction in egg mass per interval was calculated at 0,39 ± 0,02 g, and a significant difference was found in the mean mass per interval between the first and second egg laid, and also between the first egg laid and the next egg reposition. Eggs lost (n = 63) were due to predation (60,3%), gorging (34,9%) and the presence of stillbirths (4,8%). The average incubation period was 23,73 ± 2,34 days, with no significant difference being identified depending on the type of egg. The healthy born nestlings UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” Instituto de Biociências Campus do Litoral Paulista Instituto de Biociências - Campus do Litoral Paulista Praça Infante D. Henrique s/nº - CEP 11330-900 - São Vicente/SP - Brasil Tel. (13) 3569-7100 - coordenadoria@clp.unesp.br totaled 15 individuals (hatching success of 19,2%), of which 11 (73,3%) did not survive. Causes of nestling mortality included predation or falling into the sea (54,5%), being run over (36,4%) and natural causes (9,1%). The greatest number of nestling deaths occurred during the first nine days after hatching, and the risk showed a further increase when they reached 21-30 days of age. Four nestlings reached the ability to fly, and the reproductive success obtained was 5,1%. The average breeding season for successful pairs was 58,25 ± 4,19 days and the average time for a nestling to fly was 31,75 ± 2,87 days. The different factors studied indicated that the preference of birds for reproduction in TEBAR occurred at the South Pier, over cement and using stones to build the nests. The greatest incubation and reproductive success were obtained at the Meteorological Station, on grass and using grass to build the nests. TEBAR proved to be an environment with certain similarities and differences in the reproduction of S. hirundinacea when compared to the natural nesting areas of the species. The exposed area and the constant development of human activities possibly led to a greater loss of eggs and nestlings due to predation and causes related to human proximity. More studies, and carried out periodically, are necessary to diagnose the TEBAR area as actually harmful to S. hirundinacea, enabling, if so, the elaboration and implementation of conservation measures in the place.
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Palavras-chave
Ambiente artificial, Aves costeiras, Aves marinhas, Ecologia, Reprodução