Aborto e eutanásia: posicionamento moral e raciocínio argumentativo de licenciandos em ciências biológicas na resolução de questões sociocientíficas
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Data
2022-12-20
Autores
Machado, Daniela Santos
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As Questões Sociocientíficas (QSCs) são reconhecidas pelo seu caráter controverso, pois descrevem dilemas sociais que envolvem aspectos científico-tecnológicos. A presente investigação busca contribuir com os estudos sobre QSCs e moralidade ao propor a análise do posicionamento moral de licenciandos em Ciências Biológicas quanto às perspectivas absolutista e relativista. O absolutismo moral sustenta que algumas crenças morais ou valores são objetivamente verdadeiros e independentes do contexto ou das preferências sociais. Contrariamente a esse posicionamento filosófico, o relativismo moral sustenta que a verdade ou falsidade das crenças morais são produtos históricos e culturais e que, portanto, a avaliação de verdade ou falsidade é subjetiva e relativa a esses aspectos mencionados. Nesse sentido, objetivo da presente pesquisa foi investigar a relação entre posicionamento moral e raciocínio argumentativo de licenciandos em ciências biológicas na resolução de QSCs referentes a aborto e eutanásia. Para tanto, o layout proposto por Toulmin é adotado para análise das construções argumentativas. A pesquisa teve a participação de sete licenciandos em Ciências Biológicas de uma instituição pública brasileira, de diferentes períodos. Assim, o grupo focal foi adotado como técnica de constituição de dados. O processo de análise ocorreu em duas etapas: análise argumentativa com base no layout de Toulmin e análise moral com base nas perspectivas absolutistas e relativistas. No que concerne aos padrões morais, não foi identificado qualquer tipo de raciocínio moral absolutista em ambos os grupos focais. Em contrapartida, na categoria do relativismo moral emergiram raciocínios baseados na razão (Raciocínio Informal Racionalista Utilitarista de Regra e Raciocínio Informal Racionalista Utilitarista Hedonista) e emoção (Raciocínio Informal Emotivo). Em termos de construção argumentativa, os argumentos dos licenciandos que empregaram o padrão Raciocínio Informal Racionalista Utilitarista de Regra na interpretação das QSCs abordadas apresentaram maior combinação de elementos e, por vezes, construções complexas com elementos. O conhecimento desses padrões discutidos, em parte, no presente estudo pode fornecer ao professor maior consciência do processo de debate e, consequentemente, auxiliar no desenvolvimento de estratégias e intervenções em uma discussão sociocientífica.
Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI) are recognized for their controversial character, as they describe social dilemmas that involve scientific-technological aspects. The present investigation seeks to contribute to studies on SSI and morality by proposing the analysis of the moral positioning of undergraduates students in relation to the absolutist and relativist perspectives. Moral absolutism holds that some moral beliefs or values are objectively true and independent of context or social preferences. Contrary to this philosophical position, moral relativism maintains that the truth or falsity of moral beliefs are historical and cultural products and that, therefore, the evaluation of truth or falsity is subjective and relative to these mentioned aspects. In this sense, the objective of the present research was to investigate the relationship between moral positioning and argumentative reasoning of undergraduates of biological sciences in the resolution of SSI, namely abortion and euthanasia. Therefore, the layout proposed by Toulmin is adopted for the analysis of argumentative constructions. The research had the participation of seven undergraduate students in Biological Sciences from a Brazilian public institution, from different periods. Thus, the focus group was adopted as a data constitution technique. The analysis process took place in two stages: argumentative analysis based on Toulmin's layout and moral analysis based on absolutist and relativist perspectives. Regarding moral standards, no absolutist moral reasoning was identified in both focus groups. On the other hand, in the category of moral relativism, reasoning based on reason (Informal Rationalist Utilitarian Rule Utilitarian Reasoning and Informal Rationalist Utilitarian Hedonistic Reasoning) and emotion (Informal Emotive Reasoning) emerged. In terms of argumentative construction, the arguments of the undergraduates who used the Rule Utilitarian Informal Rationalist Reasoning pattern in the interpretation of the SSI addressed presented a greater combination of elements and, sometimes, complex constructions with elements. Knowledge of these patterns discussed, in part, in the present study can provide the teacher with greater awareness of the debate process and, consequently, assist in the development of strategies and interventions in a socio-scientific discussion.
Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI) are recognized for their controversial character, as they describe social dilemmas that involve scientific-technological aspects. The present investigation seeks to contribute to studies on SSI and morality by proposing the analysis of the moral positioning of undergraduates students in relation to the absolutist and relativist perspectives. Moral absolutism holds that some moral beliefs or values are objectively true and independent of context or social preferences. Contrary to this philosophical position, moral relativism maintains that the truth or falsity of moral beliefs are historical and cultural products and that, therefore, the evaluation of truth or falsity is subjective and relative to these mentioned aspects. In this sense, the objective of the present research was to investigate the relationship between moral positioning and argumentative reasoning of undergraduates of biological sciences in the resolution of SSI, namely abortion and euthanasia. Therefore, the layout proposed by Toulmin is adopted for the analysis of argumentative constructions. The research had the participation of seven undergraduate students in Biological Sciences from a Brazilian public institution, from different periods. Thus, the focus group was adopted as a data constitution technique. The analysis process took place in two stages: argumentative analysis based on Toulmin's layout and moral analysis based on absolutist and relativist perspectives. Regarding moral standards, no absolutist moral reasoning was identified in both focus groups. On the other hand, in the category of moral relativism, reasoning based on reason (Informal Rationalist Utilitarian Rule Utilitarian Reasoning and Informal Rationalist Utilitarian Hedonistic Reasoning) and emotion (Informal Emotive Reasoning) emerged. In terms of argumentative construction, the arguments of the undergraduates who used the Rule Utilitarian Informal Rationalist Reasoning pattern in the interpretation of the SSI addressed presented a greater combination of elements and, sometimes, complex constructions with elements. Knowledge of these patterns discussed, in part, in the present study can provide the teacher with greater awareness of the debate process and, consequently, assist in the development of strategies and interventions in a socio-scientific discussion.
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Questões Sociocientíficas, Moral, Argumentação, Aborto, Eutanásia, Socio-Scientific issues, Argumentation, Abortion, Euthanasia