Sand fly synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone co-located with insecticide reduces the incidence of infection in the canine reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis: A stratified cluster randomised trial

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dc.contributor.authorCourtenay, Orin
dc.contributor.authorDilger, Erin
dc.contributor.authorCalvo-Bado, Leo A.
dc.contributor.authorKravar-Garde, Lidija
dc.contributor.authorCarter, Vicky
dc.contributor.authorBell, Melissa J.
dc.contributor.authorAlves, Graziella B. [UNESP]
dc.contributor.authorGoncalves, Raquel
dc.contributor.authorMakhdoomi, Muhammad M.
dc.contributor.authorGonzález, Mikel A.
dc.contributor.authorNunes, Caris M. [UNESP]
dc.contributor.authorBray, Daniel P.
dc.contributor.authorBrazil, Reginaldo P.
dc.contributor.authorHamilton, James G.C.
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of Warwick
dc.contributor.institutionKeele University
dc.contributor.institutionLancaster University
dc.contributor.institutionUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
dc.contributor.institutionInstituto Oswaldo Cruz
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of Warwick Science Park
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of California Davis
dc.contributor.institutionNEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of Greenwich
dc.date.accessioned2020-12-12T00:59:18Z
dc.date.available2020-12-12T00:59:18Z
dc.date.issued2019-01-01
dc.description.abstractObjective To evaluate the efficacy of a synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone of the sand fly vector Lu. longipalpis, co-located with residual insecticide, to reduce the infection incidence of Leishmania infantum in the canine reservoir. Methods A stratified cluster randomised trial was designed to detect a 50% reduction in canine incident infection after 24 months in 42 recruited clusters, randomly assigned to one of three intervention arms (14 cluster each): synthetic pheromone + insecticide, insecticide-impregnated dog collars, or placebo control. Infection incidence was measured by seroconversion to anti-Leishmania serum antibody, Leishmania parasite detection and canine tissue parasite loads. Changes in relative Lu. longipalpis abundance within households were measured by setting three CDC light traps per household. Results A total 1,454 seronegative dogs were followed-up for a median 15.2 (95% C.I.s: 14.6, 16.2) months per cluster. The pheromone + insecticide intervention provided 13% (95% C.I. 0%, 44.0%) protection against anti-Leishmania antibody seroconversion, 52% (95% C.I. 6.2%, 74.9%) against parasite infection, reduced tissue parasite loads by 53% (95% C.I. 5.4%, 76.7%), and reduced household female sand fly abundance by 49% (95% C.I. 8.2%, 71.3%). Variation in the efficacy against seroconversion varied between trial strata. Equivalent protection attributed to the impregnated-collars were 36% (95% C.I. 14.4%, 51.8%), 23% (95% C.I. 0%, 57.5%), 48% (95% C.I. 0%, 73.4%) and 43% (95% C.I. 0%, 67.9%), respectively. Comparison of the two interventions showed no statistically consistent differences in their efficacies; however, the errors were broad for all outcomes. Reductions in sand fly numbers were predominant where insecticide was located (chicken and dog sleeping sites), with no evidence of insecticide-induced repellence onto humans or dogs. Conclusion The synthetic pheromone co-located with insecticide provides protection particularly against canine L. infantum parasite transmission and sand fly vector abundance. The effect estimates are not dissimilar to those of the insecticide-impregnated collars, which are documented to reduce canine infection incidence, human infection and clinical VL disease incidence, in different global regions. The trialled novel lure-and-kill approach is a low-cost potential vector control tool against ZVL in the Americas.en
dc.description.affiliationZeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences University of Warwick
dc.description.affiliationSchool of Life Sciences Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine Keele University
dc.description.affiliationDivision of Biomedical and Life Sciences Faculty of Health and Medicine Lancaster University
dc.description.affiliationFaculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
dc.description.affiliationLaboratório de Doenças Parasitárias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
dc.description.affiliationMicropathology Ltd Venture Centre University of Warwick Science Park
dc.description.affiliationDepartment of Animal Health and Production São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine
dc.description.affiliationSchool of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Garrod Drive
dc.description.affiliationDepartment of Animal Health NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario
dc.description.affiliationAgriculture Health and Environments Department Natural Resources Institute Faculty of Engineering and Science University of Greenwich
dc.description.affiliationUnespFaculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
dc.description.affiliationUnespDepartment of Animal Health and Production São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine
dc.description.sponsorshipJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
dc.description.sponsorshipIdJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz: WT091689MF
dc.identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007767
dc.identifier.citationPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, v. 13, n. 10, 2019.
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pntd.0007767
dc.identifier.issn1935-2735
dc.identifier.issn1935-2727
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85074676190
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11449/198104
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
dc.sourceScopus
dc.titleSand fly synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone co-located with insecticide reduces the incidence of infection in the canine reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis: A stratified cluster randomised trialen
dc.typeArtigo
unesp.author.lattes1892359871207408[11]
unesp.author.orcid0000-0002-5463-3845[11]

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