Are Young Swimmers Short and Middle Distances Energy Cost Sex-Specific?

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dc.contributor.authorMassini, Danilo A. [UNESP]
dc.contributor.authorAlmeida, Tiago A. F. [UNESP]
dc.contributor.authorVasconcelos, Camila M. T. [UNESP]
dc.contributor.authorMacedo, Anderson G. [UNESP]
dc.contributor.authorEspada, Mário A. C.
dc.contributor.authorReis, Joana F.
dc.contributor.authorAlves, Francisco J. B.
dc.contributor.authorFernandes, Ricardo J. P.
dc.contributor.authorPessôa Filho, Dalton M. [UNESP]
dc.contributor.institutionUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity de Lisboa
dc.contributor.institutionPolytechnic Institute of Setúbal
dc.contributor.institutionQuality of Life Research Centre (CIEQV – Politécnico de Leiria)
dc.contributor.institutionUniversidade de Lisboa
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of Porto
dc.date.accessioned2022-04-28T19:48:47Z
dc.date.available2022-04-28T19:48:47Z
dc.date.issued2021-12-14
dc.description.abstractThis study assessed the energy cost in swimming (C) during short and middle distances to analyze the sex-specific responses of C during supramaximal velocity and whether body composition account to the expected differences. Twenty-six swimmers (13 men and 13 women: 16.7 ± 1.9 vs. 15.5 ± 2.8 years old and 70.8 ± 10.6 vs. 55.9 ± 7.0 kg of weight) performed maximal front crawl swimming trials in 50, 100, and 200 m. The oxygen uptake ((Formula presented.) O2) was analyzed along with the tests (and post-exercise) through a portable gas analyser connected to a respiratory snorkel. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise (at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th min) to determine blood lactate concentration [La–]. The lean mass of the trunk (LMTrunk), upper limb (LMUL), and lower limb (LMLL) was assessed using dual X-ray energy absorptiometry. Anaerobic energy demand was calculated from the phosphagen and glycolytic components, with the first corresponding to the fast component of the (Formula presented.) O2 bi-exponential recovery phase and the second from the 2.72 ml × kg–1 equivalent for each 1.0 mmol × L–1 [La–] variation above the baseline value. The aerobic demand was obtained from the integral value of the (Formula presented.) O2 vs. swimming time curve. The C was estimated by the rate between total energy releasing (in Joules) and swimming velocity. The sex effect on C for each swimming trial was verified by the two-way ANOVA (Bonferroni post hoc test) and the relationships between LMTrunk, LMUL, and LMLL to C were tested by Pearson coefficient. The C was higher for men than women in 50 (1.8 ± 0.3 vs. 1.3 ± 0.3 kJ × m–1), 100 (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.2 kJ × m–1), and 200 m (1.0 ± 0.2 vs. 0.8 ± 0.1 kJ × m–1) with p < 0.01 for all comparisons. In addition, C differed between distances for each sex (p < 0.01). The regional LMTrunk (26.5 ± 3.6 vs. 20.1 ± 2.6 kg), LMUL (6.8 ± 1.0 vs. 4.3 ± 0.8 kg), and LMLL (20.4 ± 2.6 vs. 13.6 ± 2.5 kg) for men vs. women were significantly correlated to C in 50 (R2adj = 0.73), 100 (R2adj = 0.61), and 200 m (R2adj = 0.60, p < 0.01). Therefore, the increase in C with distance is higher for men than women and is determined by the lean mass in trunk and upper and lower limbs independent of the differences in body composition between sexes.en
dc.description.affiliationPostgraduate Programme in Human Development and Technologies São Paulo State University – UNESP
dc.description.affiliationSão Paulo State University – UNESP
dc.description.affiliationCIPER Faculdade de Motricidade Humana University de Lisboa
dc.description.affiliationSchool of Education (CIEF – CDP2T) Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal
dc.description.affiliationQuality of Life Research Centre (CIEQV – Politécnico de Leiria)
dc.description.affiliationFaculdade de Motricidade Humana Universidade de Lisboa
dc.description.affiliationFaculty of Sport Centre of Research Education Innovation and Intervention in Sport University of Porto
dc.description.affiliationUnespPostgraduate Programme in Human Development and Technologies São Paulo State University – UNESP
dc.description.affiliationUnespSão Paulo State University – UNESP
dc.description.sponsorshipCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
dc.description.sponsorshipFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
dc.description.sponsorshipFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
dc.description.sponsorshipFoundation for Science and Technology
dc.description.sponsorshipUniversidade Estadual Paulista
dc.identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.796886
dc.identifier.citationFrontiers in Physiology, v. 12.
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fphys.2021.796886
dc.identifier.issn1664-042X
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85121860848
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11449/223118
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofFrontiers in Physiology
dc.sourceScopus
dc.subjectbody composition
dc.subjectenergy demand
dc.subjectoxygen uptake
dc.subjectsex
dc.subjectswimming performance
dc.titleAre Young Swimmers Short and Middle Distances Energy Cost Sex-Specific?en
dc.typeArtigo

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