Machine Learning Models with Quantitative Wood Anatomy Data Can Discriminate between Swietenia macrophylla and Swietenia mahagoni

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dc.contributor.authorHe, Tuo
dc.contributor.authorMarco, Joao
dc.contributor.authorSoares, Richard
dc.contributor.authorYin, Yafang
dc.contributor.authorWiedenhoeft, Alex C.
dc.contributor.institutionChinese Acad Forestry
dc.contributor.institutionUS Forest Serv
dc.contributor.institutionUniv Wisconsin
dc.contributor.institutionPurdue Univ
dc.contributor.institutionUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
dc.date.accessioned2020-12-10T17:07:47Z
dc.date.available2020-12-10T17:07:47Z
dc.date.issued2020-01-01
dc.description.abstractIllegal logging and associated trade aggravate the over-exploitation of Swietenia species, of which S. macrophylla King, S. mahagoni (L.) Jacq, and S. humilis Zucc. have been listed in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II. Implementation of CITES necessitates the development of efficient forensic tools to identify wood species accurately, and ideally ones readily deployable in wood anatomy laboratories across the world. Herein, a method using quantitative wood anatomy data in combination with machine learning models to discriminate between three Swietenia species is presented, in addition to a second model focusing only on the two historically more important species S. mahagoni and S. macrophylla. The intra-and inter-specific variations in nine quantitative wood anatomical characters were measured and calculated based on 278 wood specimens, and four machine learning classifiers-Decision Tree C5.0, Naive Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-were used to discriminate between the species. Among these species, S. macrophylla exhibited the largest intraspecific variation, and all three species showed at least partly overlapping values for all nine characters. SVM performed the best of all the classifiers, with an overall accuracy of 91.4% and a per-species correct identification rate of 66.7%, 95.0%, and 80.0% for S. humilis, S. macrophylla, and S. mahagoni, respectively. The two-species model discriminated between S. macrophylla and S. mahagoni with accuracies of over 90.0% using SVM. These accuracies are lower than perfect forensic certainty but nonetheless demonstrate that quantitative wood anatomy data in combination with machine learning models can be applied as an efficient tool to discriminate anatomically between similar species in the wood anatomy laboratory. It is probable that a range of previously anatomically inseparable species may become identifiable by incorporating in-depth analysis of quantitative characters and appropriate statistical classifiers.en
dc.description.affiliationChinese Acad Forestry, Chinese Res Inst Wood Ind, Dept Wood Anat & Utilizat, Beijing 100091, Peoples R China
dc.description.affiliationChinese Acad Forestry, Wood Collect WOODPEDIA, Beijing 100091, Peoples R China
dc.description.affiliationUS Forest Serv, Ctr Wood Anat Res, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53726 USA
dc.description.affiliationUniv Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA
dc.description.affiliationPurdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Natl Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
dc.description.affiliationUniv Estadual Paulista, Ciencias Biol Bot, BR-18610034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
dc.description.affiliationUnespUniv Estadual Paulista, Ciencias Biol Bot, BR-18610034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
dc.description.sponsorshipUS Department of State
dc.description.sponsorshipIdUS Department of State: 19318814Y0010
dc.format.extent13
dc.identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010036
dc.identifier.citationForests. Basel: Mdpi, v. 11, n. 1, 13 p., 2020.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/f11010036
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11449/195195
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000513184500036
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofForests
dc.sourceWeb of Science
dc.subjectCITES
dc.subjectmachine learning
dc.subjectquantitative wood anatomy
dc.subjectSVM
dc.subjectSwietenia
dc.titleMachine Learning Models with Quantitative Wood Anatomy Data Can Discriminate between Swietenia macrophylla and Swietenia mahagonien
dc.typeArtigo
dcterms.rightsHolderMdpi

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