Dracena - FCAT - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://hdl.handle.net/11449/253756

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Supplementation of microencapsulated sodium butyrate on the performance, haemato-biochemical profile and intestinal microbiota composition of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria spp.
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2024-03-20) Barbosa, Bárbara Fernanda da Silva ; Lima, Gabrieli Andressa ; Ventura, Gabriela ; Trevizan, Bruna Abrahão ; Castillo, Elis Omar Figueroa ; Bortoloto, Jéssica Tuane ; Polycarpo, Gustavo do Valle ; Biller, Jaqueline Dalbello ; Madeira, Alda Maria Backx Noronha ; Cruz-Polycarpo, Valquíria Cação
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microencapsulated sodium butyrate (MSB) in substitution to antibiotics on performance, haematology, intestinal lesion scores, and oocyst count in the excreta of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. A total of 1050 male Ross chicks were used, distributed in completely randomized design, with six treatments: unchallenged control diet (UC); challenged control diet (CCD); challenged and supplemented (CS) with 1000 mg/kg of MSB; CS with 1500 mg/kg of MSB; CS with 2000 mg/kg of MSB; and CS with avilamycin, with five repetitions. At 16 days of age (d.o.), the birds were inoculated orally with Eimeria spp. oocysts. Higher average weightgain (AWG) and average feed intake (AFI) were observed in the UC, and at the 42 d.o., better feed conversion ratio (FCR) and productive efficiency factor (PEF). The group that received the additives showed higher relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes, as well as that of the unchallenged birds; however, the CCD had higher relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes. It is concluded that MSB can be used as an alternative to antibiotics, assisting in the recovery of performance and gut microbiota biodiversity.
Protein profiles identified by LC-MS/MS demonstrate change in beta oxidation, ketogenesis, and propionate metabolism in rumen epithelium with different additives
(2023-08-01) Rocha, Leone Campos ; Assunção, Andrey Sávio de Almeida ; Martins, Renata Aparecida ; Carvalho, Victor Valério de ; Perdigão, Alexandre ; Buzalaf, Marília Afonso Rabelo ; Adamec, Jiri ; Braga, Camila Pereira ; Millen, Danilo Domingues ; Vieira, José Cavalcante Souza ; Padilha, Pedro de Magalhães ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; DSM Nutritional Products SA ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; University of Nebraska (UNL)
Replacement of ionophore feed additives by essential oils demonstrates differences in energy metabolism. The mechanism of action of essential oils depends on the ruminal pH, therefore, feedlot diets with high starch inclusions tend to show greater effectiveness of these natural additives. The aim of this study is to map the proteome of the ruminal epithelium of feedlot Nellore cattle (n = 60) with different additives (monensin, blend of essential oils + exogenous α-amylase) and varying levels of starch (25% and 45%) Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to separate the proteome of ruminal epithelium. The differentially expressed protein spots were characterized by isoelectric point, molecular mass, volume, and intensity of the spots and identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Diets using an essential oil blend associated with exogenous amylase promoted greater expression of macromolecules from the degradation of carbohydrates through the glycolytic and ketogenesis pathway. Fourteen proteins were identified in upregulation and the presence of proteins involved in glucose oxidation as well as Hydroxymethylglutaryl–CoA lyase (HMGCL), which catalyzes part of the metabolic intermediate metabolism—a key step in ketogenesis. Our results suggest that there was an increase in glycolysis from the oxidation of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH GAPD), which participates in the first step of acetate and butyrate production and the oxidative decarboxylation of the ruminal epithelium of feedlot Nellore cattle. Monensin increased precursors of propionate, such as methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT), which suggests greater synthesis of propionate via propionyl-CoA upon entry into the citric acid cycle as succinyl-CoA, which can increase feed efficiency and reduces feed intake.
Droplet spectrum characteristics and drift potential of different droplet classes and spray volumes application of atrazine with nicosulfuron
(2023-01-01) Neto, Arthur Duarte Rodrigues ; Ribeiro, Naiane Antunes Alves ; E Oliveira, Fagner Angelo da Silva ; Faria, Glaucia Amorim ; Prado, Evandro Pereira ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
In this research, the Volumetric Median Diameters (VMDs), Relative Span (RS), percentage of droplets with a diameter smaller than 100 µm (V100), and percentage ofdrift (% drift) of four droplet classes (Fine, Medium, Coarse, and Very Coarse) were analyzedin two spray volumes (77 L.ha-1and 144 L.ha-1) employinga tank-mix of atrazine and nicosulfuron herbicides (2500 + 15 gaiha-1), usingParticle/ Droplet Imaging Analyze (PDIA) and wind tunnel techniques. The experiments were performed under Completely Randomized Design, in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (droplet classes × sprayvolumes). Data underwent analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at 5%, and the correlation between variables was computedconsidering Pearson’s coefficient at 1% and 5%. The VMD of all droplet classes was considerably distinct in the two spray volumes. In both application spray volumes, the minimum VMD for the Coarsedropletclass classification was not attained. The highest means of RS were detectedin the spray volume of 77 L.ha-1. All treatments demonstratedsignificant differences in the analysis of V100 and % drift, with the highest means observed in the Fine droplet (144 L.ha-1) and Medium (77 L.ha-1). A negative correlation existed between VMD × V100 and VMD × % drift and a positive correlation between V100 × % drift in the two spray volumes. RS was negatively correlated with VMD and positively with V100 and % drift, in the spray volume of 77 L.ha-1. In the spray volume of 144 L.ha-1, the correlation between RSand VMD, V100, and % drift was insignificant.
The harmful acute effects of clomipramine in the rat liver: Impairments in mitochondrial bioenergetics
(2023-07-01) Bizerra, Paulo Francisco Veiga ; Itou da Silva, Fernanda Sayuri ; Gilglioni, Eduardo Hideo ; Nanami, Letícia Fernanda ; Klosowski, Eduardo Makiyama ; de Souza, Byanca Thais Lima ; Raimundo, Ana Flávia Gatto ; dos Santos, Karina Borba Paulino ; Mewes, Juliana Moraes ; Constantin, Renato Polimeni ; Mito, Márcio Shigueaki ; Ishii-Iwamoto, Emy Luiza ; Constantin, Jorgete ; Mingatto, Fábio Ermínio ; Esquissato, Giovana Natiele Machado ; Marchiosi, Rogério ; dos Santos, Wanderley Dantas ; Ferrarese-Filho, Osvaldo ; Constantin, Rodrigo Polimeni ; State University of Maringá ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant used to treat depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder, has been linked to a few cases of acute hepatotoxicity. It is also recognized as a compound that hinders the functioning of mitochondria. Hence, the effects of clomipramine on mitochondria should endanger processes that are somewhat connected to energy metabolism in the liver. For this reason, the primary aim of this study was to examine how the effects of clomipramine on mitochondrial functions manifest in the intact liver. For this purpose, we used the isolated perfused rat liver, but also isolated hepatocytes and isolated mitochondria as experimental systems. According to the findings, clomipramine harmed metabolic processes and the cellular structure of the liver, especially the membrane structure. The considerable decrease in oxygen consumption in perfused livers strongly suggested that the mechanism of clomipramine toxicity involves the disruption of mitochondrial functions. Coherently, it could be observed that clomipramine inhibited both gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis, two processes that rely on ATP production within the mitochondria. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations for gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis ranged from 36.87 μM to 59.64 μM. The levels of ATP as well as the ATP/ADP and ATP/AMP ratios were reduced, but distinctly, between the livers of fasted and fed rats. The results obtained from experiments conducted on isolated hepatocytes and isolated mitochondria unambiguously confirmed previous propositions about the effects of clomipramine on mitochondrial functions. These findings revealed at least three distinct mechanisms of action, including uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of the FoF1-ATP synthase complex, and inhibition of mitochondrial electron flow. The elevation in activity of cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes detected in the effluent perfusate from perfused livers, coupled with the increase in aminotransferase release and trypan blue uptake observed in isolated hepatocytes, provided further evidence of the hepatotoxicity of clomipramine. It can be concluded that impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics and cellular damage are important factors underlying the hepatotoxicity of clomipramine and that taking excessive amounts of clomipramine can lead to several risks including decreased ATP production, severe hypoglycemia, and potentially fatal outcomes.
Inhibitory effect of DMSO, Tween 80 and Triton X-100 on Agaricus bisporus and Lecanicillium fungicola
(2023-05-01) Lee, Lundoi Tobias ; Costa, Lívia Martinez Abreu Soares ; Alves, Eduardo ; Pfenning, Ludwig Heinrich ; Pecchia, John Andrew ; Zied, Diego Cunha ; Dias, Eustáquio Souza ; Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) ; Penn State University ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Surfactants are substances widely used in the preparation of suspensions of spores, especially of ascomycete fungi. Among these studies are those that evaluate the use of antifungal compounds. However, these compounds, in addition to being good dispersants, may also have a synergistic or additional inhibitory effect to the action of the tested antifungals on spore germination or mycelial growth. Therefore, it is vital to evaluate this type of effect before its use in this type of test. The fungus Lecanicillium fungicola is the causative agent of dry bubble disease, which affects the cultivation of the button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). In addition to preparing the spore suspension, surfactants are used in the solubilization or preparation of essential oil emulsions tested in the control of L. fungicola. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence DMSO (solvent and a weak surfactant) and two surfactants: (Tween 80 and Triton X-100) at the concentrations of 0.5 and 1%, on the mycelial growth of L. fungicola and A. bisporus. For DMSO, no visual changes were observed in the colonies for both species. Tween 80 affected mycelial growth, causing colonies to grow less when compared to control, in addition to changing the morphology of the colony for both species. Triton X-100 showed an even greater inhibitory effect on the growth of the two fungal species, considerably affecting both the size and the morphology of the colony. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that surfactants alter the structures and aspects of the hyphae of both fungi and in the case of L. fungicola they also affected the quantity and aspect of the spores.
Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation changes prostaglandin concentration ratio and alters the expression of genes involved in maternal-fetal recognition from bovine trophoblast cells in vitro
(2023-08-01) Bueno Cordeiro Maldonado, Mariângela ; de Castro Lourenço, Valeska ; de Oliveira Bezerra, Lucas ; Feltrin, Isabella Rio ; Mendes, Adriano Felipe ; Rocha, Cecilia Constantino ; Pugliesi, Guilherme ; Ealy, Alan D. ; Membrive, Claudia Maria Bertan ; Nogueira, Marcelo Fábio Gouveia ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; University of Florida (UF-ANS) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; Virginia Tech
Early embryonic mortality caused by maternal-fetal recognition failure in the three weeks after fertilization represents a major cause of reproductive inefficiency in the cattle industry. Modifying the amounts and ratios of prostaglandin (PG) F2α and PGE2 can benefit the establishment of pregnancy in cattle. Adding conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to endometrial and fetal cells culture affects PG synthesis, but its effect on bovine trophoblast cells (CT-1) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of CLA (a mixture of cis- and trans-9, 11- and −10,12-octadecadienoic acids) on PGE2 and PGF2α synthesis and the expression of transcripts involved with maternal-fetal recognition of bovine trophectoderm. Cultures of CT-1 were exposed to CLA for 24, 48 and 72 h. Transcript abundance was determined by qRT-PCR and hormone profiles were quantified by ELISA. The PGE2 and PGF2α concentrations were reduced in the culture medium of CLA-exposed CT-1 compared to that of unexposed cells. Furthermore, CLA supplementation increased the PGE2:PGF2α ratio in CT-1 and had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the relative expression of MMP9, PTGES2, and PTGER4. The relative expression levels of PTGER4 were reduced (P < 0.05) in CT-1 cultured with 100 μM CLA than in the unsupplemented and 10 μM-CLA groups. Treatment of CT-1 with CLA decreased PGE2 and PGF2α synthesis but a biphasic effect of CLA was observed on the PGE2:PGF2α ratio and relative abundance of transcripts with 10 μM CLA providing maximal improvements in each endpoint. Our data suggest that CLA may influence eicosanoid metabolic process and extracellular matrix remodeling.
Prediction of soybean yield cultivated under subtropical conditions using artificial neural networks
(2023-01-01) Moreira, Adônis ; Bonini Neto, Alfredo ; Bonini, Carolina dos Santos Batista ; Moraes, Larissa A. C. ; Heinrichs, Reges ; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Mathematical models that incorporate biotic and abiotic attributes are important tools for improving fertilizer use efficiency and reducing production costs for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crop. In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to estimate soybean grain yield (GY) under subtropical conditions in Brazil from plant morphological and nutritional data collected from 16 cultivars in two growing seasons. The ANNs were adequately trained, with a mean squared error of approximately 10−5 between the outputs obtained (via ANN) and desired (via experimental field), equivalent to a mean percentage error of 70.1 kg ha−1 (1.6%), confirming their efficacy as a tool to estimate GY. Smaller plant height, higher foliar calcium, magnesium and chlorophyll concentrations, and greater numbers of grains per pod and branches per plant were associated with higher GY, whereas oil content, crude protein content, and foliar manganese and potassium concentrations had no predicted effects on GY.
A Comparative Analysis of Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Lentinula edodes and Other Exotic Mushrooms
(2023-04-01) Zied, Diego Cunha ; da Silva Freitas, Marcos Antônio ; de Almeida Moreira, Bruno Rafael ; da Silva Alves, Lucas ; Pardo-Giménez, Arturo ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES)
Mushrooms are capable of bioconverting organic residues into food. Understanding the relationship between high-quality yields and substrate biomass from these residues is critical for mushroom farms when choosing new strains. The objective of this exploratory study was, therefore, to analyze whether exotic mushrooms, namely, Pleurotus eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, and Agrocybe aegerita, could biologically convert the substrate into edible mushrooms as effectively as Lentinula edodes (baseline). Five experiments were carried out. Biological efficiency, biodegradability coefficient, mass balance and chemical characterization of the substrate were evaluated. Strategically hydrating the sawdust enabled L. edodes to achieve the greatest biodegradability and biological efficiency of 0.5 and 94.2 kg dt−1, respectively. The values for L. edodes on wheat straw without hydration were 0.2 and 68.8 kg dt−1, respectively. From 1000 kg of fresh substrate, P. eryngii produced 150.1 kg of edible mushrooms, making it technically competitive with L. edodes on wheat straw (195.9 kg). Hence, P. eryngii was the most reliable option for scaling among the exotic mushrooms. The analytical insights from our study provide further knowledge to advance the field’s prominence in high-throughput mushroom-producing systems, particularly for exotic mushrooms.
Foliar Spray Inoculation with Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Associated with Nitrogen Doses in Megathyrsus maximus cv. BRS Zuri
(2023-04-01) Freitas, Gabriela da Silva ; Moreira, Adônis ; Prudencio, Marcelo Falaci ; Heinrichs, Reges ; Nogueira, Marco Antonio ; Hungria, Mariangela ; Soares Filho, Cecílio Viega ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)
This study evaluated the combined effect of foliar spray inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and nitrogen doses on the yield, development, and nutritive value of Megathyrsus maximus cv. BRS Zuri. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications, with repeated measures in time. Foliar inoculation of two bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense Ab-V5 (CNPSo 2083) and Ab-V6 (CNPSo 2084) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (CNPSo 2799)) and 40 and 80 kg ha−1 N (urea) rates, in addition to the control (without inoculation and N fertilization), were applied. In the rainy season, at the level of 40 kg ha−1 of N, inoculation of both A. brasilense and P. fluorescens increased, respectively, the tiller number by 33% and 25% (22 February), and the N accumulated in tissues by 42% and 25% (22 January), while in the previous year (21 February) the beneficial effects of both bacteria were observed in the percentage of leaf blade and in the true digestibility in vitro. When the foliar spray was inoculated with A. brasilense Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 and P. fluorescens CNPSo 2799, with 80 kg N ha−1, the root system of Zuri grass increased by 61% and 30%, respectively.
Effect of Phosphorus-Containing Polymers on the Shoot Dry Weight Yield and Nutritive Value of Mavuno Grass
(2023-04-01) Prudencio, Marcelo Falaci ; de Almeida, Lucas José de Carvalho ; Moreira, Adônis ; Freitas, Gabriela da Silva ; Heinrichs, Reges ; Soares Filho, Cecílio Viega ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)
In an effort to improve fertility, recover degraded areas and increase support for the capacity of livestock on pasture, new forms of fertilizer are being developed. Polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is an innovative source of phosphorus (P) for maintaining forage grass productivity. The aim this study was to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of P rates with the presence and absence of the polymer on the productivity, development and nutritional value of hybrid signalgrass (Urochloa spp.) cv. Mavuno. The field research was conducted on a dystrophic Ultisol. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and treatments applied in a factorial scheme (2 × 4) + 1. The treatments included two P sources (uncoated MAP and polymers-coated MAP) at four rates (20, 40, 80 and 160 kg ha−1 of P2O5), and the control received no P fertilization. The measured variables showed no differences between sources with or without polymer. The maximum production of accumulated shoot dry weight yield (SDWY) of the ‘Mavuno’ grass was 20.2 Mg ha−1 with the dose of 114 kg ha−1 of P2O5. The value of crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility showed a quadratic response with maximum production of 76.5% and 15.9% for the P2O5 rates of 37.2 and 91.1 kg ha−1, respectively, while the acid detergent insoluble fiber showed a linear increase up to the rate of 80 kg ha−1 of P2O5. No differences were observed in plant height, number of tillers, or the relative chlorophyll content between treatments.
Macromineral consumption by Pleurotus ostreatus var. Florida in different straws
(2023-01-01) Iossi, Matheus R. ; Vieira, Wagner G. ; Caitano, Cinthia E. C. ; da Silva Alves, Lucas ; Palú, Isabela de A. ; Heirinchs, Reges ; Pardo-Giménez, Arturo ; Zied, Diego C. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES)
Organic agricultural waste is successfully used in the production of mushrooms as it promotes the reuse of resources and increases food production. For the formulation of the substrate for Pleurotus spp. production, the availability of nutrients must be rigorously analyzed to assess whether supplementation is necessary. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the agronomic behavior of Pleurotus ostreatus var. Florida when grown on different straws and to analyze nutrient dynamics at the beginning and end of cultivation. Straws of rice, wheat and brachiaria were used as substrates without any supplementation. The yields, biological efficiency, number and weights of mushrooms were evaluated in two crop cycles. Rice straw provided a higher yield, better biological efficiency and a greater number of mushrooms in both cultures. Wheat straw showed intermediate results for the same variables. None of the substrates showed a significant difference for mushroom weight. In the first crop, only Mg and the number of mushrooms exhibited a positive correlation; in the second crop, only K and the yield of the 1st flush showed a positive correlation. With this study, it was possible to demonstrate that agricultural residues with higher levels of K increase P. ostreatus yield, and that Mg management affects the number of mushrooms for harvesting. The results will be a useful guide for efficient and sustainable mineral supplementation of the substrate.
Shortening the adaptation of Nellore cattle to high-concentrate diets using only virginiamycin as sole feed additive negatively impacts ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization
(2023-01-01) Squizatti, Mariana M. ; Rigueiro, André L. N. ; Silvestre, Antonio M. ; Soares, Carlos H. G. ; Assumpção, Alice H. P. M. ; Dias, Evandro F. F. ; Felizari, Luana D. ; Silva, Leandro A. F. ; Souza, Katia L. R. ; Carvalho, Victor M. ; Demartini, Breno L. ; Souza, Johnny M. ; Millen, Danilo D. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Feedlot cattle are usually adapted to high-concentrate diets containing sodium monensin (MON) in more than 14 days. However, considering that the dry matter intake DMI is usually lower during adaptation when compared to the finishing period, the use of MON during adaptation may decrease even further the DMI, and virginiamycin (VM) may be an alternative. This study was designed to investigate the effects of shortening the adaptation length from 14 to 9 or 6 days on ruminal metabolism, feeding behavior, and nutrient digestibility of Nellore cattle fed high-concentrate diets containing only VM as the sole feed additive. The experimental design was a 5 × 5 Latin square, where each period lasted 21 days. Five 17 mo-old Nellore yearling bulls were used (415 ± 22 kg of body weight), which were assigned to five treatments: (1) MON (30 mg/kg) and adaptation for 14 days; (2) MON (30 mg/kg) + VM (25 mg/kg) and adaptation for 14 days; (3) VM (25 mg/kg) and adaptation for 14 days; (4) VM (25 mg/kg) and adaptation for 9 days, and (5) VM (25 mg/kg) and adaptation for 6 days. A quadratic effect for adaptation length when only VM was fed was observed for mean pH (P = 0.03), duration of pH below 5.2 (P = 0.01) and 6.2 (P = 0.01), where cattle consuming VM adapted for 9 days had higher mean pH and shorter period of pH below 5.2 and 6.2. Cattle that consumed only MON had a lower concentration of butyrate (P = 0.02) and a higher concentration of propionate (P = 0.04) when compared to those consuming VM and adapted for 14 days. As the adaptation length decreased for animals consuming only VM, the rumen degradability of dry matter (P < 0.01), neutral detergent fiber (P < 0.01), and starch (P < 0.01) decreased; however, protozoa numbers of Entodinium and total protozoa increased. It is not recommended to shorten the adaptation length of these animals to either 6 or 9 days without negatively impacting nutrient disappearance and ruminal fermentation patterns.
Development and physiological aspects of three species of passion fruit submitted to water stress
(2022-01-01) Lisboa, Lucas Aparecido Manzani ; Cavichioli, José Carlos ; Vitorino, Rodrigo Aparecido ; Contiero, Leandro Aparecido Fogagnoli ; de Figueiredo, Paulo Alexandre Monteiro ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) ; Centro Universitário de Adamantina - UNIFAI
The aim of this work was to evaluate the development and physiological aspects of three species of passion fruit submitted to water stress. The work was carried out at the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas of Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp, Brazil). The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, in which three passion fruit species were used: Passiflora gibertii; Passiflora foetida, and Passiflora edulis interacting with three irrigation intervals, namely: 4, 8 and 12 days, with four replications. The suspension of irrigations for twelve days reduces the transpiration of passion fruit seedlings, while the suspension of irrigations every eight days reduces stomatal conductance. Passiflora gibertii plants have higher photosynthetic efficiency than P. edulis and P. foetida. Passiflora gibertii seedlings show greater growth than P. foetida and P. edulis, while P. foetida seedlings have the highest number of leaves. In plants irrigated at twelve-day intervals, fruit growth was affected.
Anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyle nematodes to ivermectin in São Paulo state, Brazil
(2023-06-01) de Favare, Giordani Mascoli ; de Almeida Cipriano, Isabela ; do Carmo, Tábata Alves ; Mena, Mateus Oliveira ; Guelpa, Gabriel Jabismar ; do Amarante, Alessandro Francisco Talamini ; de Soutello, Ricardo Velludo Gomes ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The indiscriminate use of drugs to control gastrointestinal helminths in horses can lead to serious consequences for the animals, which represents a growing problem for health, animal welfare and productivity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin in naturally infected horses in the western region of the state of São Paulo. From May 2021 to April 2022, 123 naturally infected adult horses in 12 equine breeding farms (7 to 14 animals per farm) were evaluated with the fecal egg count reduction test. The horses had not been treated with anthelmintic drugs for at least 60 days before the start of the study. The animals were treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg; Eqvalan®, Merial) administered orally according to recommended dosage by the manufacturer. Individual fecal samples were collected directly from the rectal ampulla and used to determine the eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and perform coproculture for identification of larvae on the day of anthelmintic treatment (D0) and 14 days later (D14). The fecal egg count reduction (FECR) on each property was calculated using the program Shiny-egg Counts R version 3.6.1, and the presence of anthelmintic resistance was confirmed when the FECR percentage was less than 95%, and when the lower confidence limit [LCI] was less than 90%. The pre-treatment average EPG count in the 12 properties was 991. In five properties the FECR was lower than 90%; in three properties between 90% and 95%; and in four properties equal to or greater than 95% after treatment with ivermectin. The occurrence of cyathostomins with resistance to ivermectin was recorded in the majority of the farms.
Adoption of adaptation protocols and feed additives to improve performance of feedlot cattle
(2023-01-01) Silvestre, Antonio M. ; Souza, Johnny M. ; Millen, Danilo D. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The evolution of ruminants was largely influenced by the symbiotic relationship between ruminal microbiota and the host. Within the rumen, these microorganisms degrade feedstuffs to produce organic acids and synthesize microbial protein, as energy and protein source for ruminants, respectively. This process is accelerated when these animals are transferred to feedlot diets. This review brings the most current studies that reported the most used nutritional managements in this transition process, in order to avoid metabolic disturbances, in which rumen development is a fundamental point. Also, this review brings the main biomolecules used as feed additive, which can in the help control of fermentation processes in order to minimize energetically inefficient processes within the rumen, as well as losses by excretion to the environment, which are widely questioned by be environmental pollutants. Furthermore, the main results of research on animal performance in response to these additives are reported, supplemented alone or associated with different feed additives when used on diets with high grain contents, as well as evaluating the potential of additives as antibiotics alternatives, a fact that has been discussed and is worrying since the use of ionophores or non-ionophores antibiotics represent practically the totality of feedlot diets.
Biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses fed with grass in association with nematophagus fungi Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia
(2023-07-01) Alves do Carmo, Tábata ; Oliveira Mena, Mateus ; de Almeida Cipriano, Isabela ; Mascoli de Favare, Giordani ; Jabismar Guelpa, Gabriel ; da Costa Pinto, Sara ; Francisco Talamini do Amarante, Alessandro ; Víctor de Araújo, Jackson ; Velludo Gomes de Soutello, Ricardo ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)
Biological control with nematophagous fungi can be used to reduce populations of intestinal parasites, since these are their natural antagonists, minimizing the use of chemical anthelmintics. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the combined effect of two nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia in the biological control of gastrointestinal helminthoses in horses kept on pasture. Thirty six mares were divided into three groups, one control and two trated, for twelve months. As for the group of animals treated with fungi, inwhich animals in which the animals received a dose of 1 g of formulation containing 105 chlamydospores of D. flagrans and 105 chlamydospores of P. chlamydosporia per gram of the commercial product for each 10 kg of body weight, per day. The group Abamectin, with the animals being treated every 3 months with the anthelmintic 1% abamectin, at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg, administered orally. The proceeding of all treatments was evaluated based on the count of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) with samples of faeces collected every 28 days and preparation of fecal cultures to identify the different genera of infective larvae, count of infective larvae retrieved from the pasture and microbiological analysis of the faeces. The data were submitted for analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey's test (5%). The overall average of EPG in the control group was 635 (±61.7); as for the fungi group, 385 (±60.4) and in the abamectin group 313 (±67.3), showing a statistically significant difference in the group treated with fungi and abamectin in comparison to the control group, with the control group having the highest averages, while the two other treated groups were overall similar. In the count of infective larvae retrieved from the pasture, the general averages presented in the control group was 2267 (±789.4), the group treated with fungi 1100 (±384.8) and the group abamectin 3115 (±1038.4), writing down that the three groups differed significantly from each other, given that the group being treated with fungi presented the lowest overall average. The fecal cultures showed a predominance of small strongyles in the three groups. It is concluded that the use of Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia fungi is efficient in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses kept on pasture, promoting a reduction in pasture infestation by infective larvae and so the degree of helminthoses.
Ammonia Volatilization and Marandu Grass Production in Response to Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers
(2023-03-01) Cassimiro, Juliana Bonfim ; de Oliveira, Clayton Luís Baravelli ; Boni, Ariele da Silva ; Donato, Natália de Lima ; Meirelles, Guilherme Constantino ; da Silva, Juliana Françoso ; Ribeiro, Igor Virgilio ; Heinrichs, Reges ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade do Oeste Paulista—UNOESTE
The objective of this study was to evaluate dry matter (DM) production of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and ammonia volatilization in response to rates and sources of enhanced-efficiency N fertilizers. The experiment was took place in a pasture area, two growing seasons. A randomized block design with four replications was used, in a 4 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, consisting of four N sources (Urea—UrConv; Ammonium nitrate—AN; Urea + NBPT—UrNBPT; Urea + Duromide—UrDuromide) and two nitrogen rates (100 and 200 kg ha−1 year), plus a treatment without nitrogen fertilization (control). At both N rates, ammonia volatilization from UrConv100/200 was greatest. Ammonia volatilization was less after UrNBPT and UrDuromide application, with values similar to AN. Ammonia losses from UrDuromide tend to be lower than from UrNBPT. The N use efficiency in dry matter production of Marandu was influenced by the N sources and rates. At both N rates, the efficiency of UrDuromide and UrNBPT was greater than that of UrConv. With regard to total DM and leaf percentage in response to N rates, DM production increased after 200 kg N ha−1 rates in response to all sources, in both years. The UrDuromide reduce N losses by volatilization compared to UrNBPT and Urconv, and resulted in greater total DM production and relative leaf production of Marandu, in comparison to UrNBPT, AN and Urconv.
Microencapsulated sodium butyrate on the intestinal integrity of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp.
(2023-04-01) Lima, Gabrieli Andressa de ; Barbosa, Bárbara Fernanda da Silva ; Ventura, Gabriela ; Gonçalves, Izabela Mlaker ; Costa, Vladimir Eliodoro ; Polycarpo, Gustavo do Valle ; Madeira, Alda Maria Backx Noronha ; Cruz-Polycarpo, Valquíria Cação ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
To explore the effect of microencapsulated sodium butyrate (MSB) on the performance, intestinal morphometry, intestinal goblet cell count, cellular turnover of the intestinal mucosa, oocyst count per gram of feces (OPG), and small intestine lesion score of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp., 1,200 Ross® male broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and six replications, and reared for 42 days. At 16 D-old, the birds were inoculated orally with 0.5 ml of a solution containing an Eimeria spp. pool and the treatments consisted of NC: negative control, basal diet (BD); 1,000 MSB: BD + 1,000 mg/kg MSB; 1,500 MSB: BD + 1,500 mg/kg MSB; 2,000 MSB: BD + 2,000 mg/kg MSB; PC: positive control, BD + avilamycin. No statistical differences were observed for the variables performance, intestinal morphometry or intestinal goblet cell count during the experiment. In the OPG and lesion score, a difference was observed only for periods of collection, in which greater excretion was detected seven days post-inoculation. The lesions caused by E. acervulina and E. tenella were attenuated 10- and 8-days post-inoculation, respectively and the largest lesions caused by E. maxima were observed five days post-inoculation. In the period 0–21 days, the treatments receiving MSB or antibiotic presented greater cellular turnover of the intestinal mucosa. In the period 22–42 days, the treatments with inclusion of 1,500 mg/kg MSB and 2,000 mg/kg MSB and PC showed lower cell turnover of the intestinal mucosa, indicating that MSB was able to protect the intestinal mucosa. It is concluded based turnover results that MSB benefits the intestinal development in the starter phase, and it is similar to the antibiotic in terms of preservation of the post-challenge intestinal mucosa.
DM intake by feedlot beef cattle: factors that impact intake patterns
(2023-04-01) Silvestre, A. M. ; Cruz, G. D. ; Owens, F. N. ; Pereira, M. C.S. ; Hicks, R. B. ; Millen, D. D. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Purina Animal Nutrition LLC ; Oklahoma State University ; University of Saskatchewan
DM intake (DMI) for individual pens of cattle is recorded daily or averaged across each week by most commercial feedlots as an index of performance. Numerous factors impact DMI by feedlot cattle. Some are available at the start of the feedlot period (initial BW, sex), and others become available early in the feeding period (daily DMI during adaptation) or more continuously (daily DMI from the previous week). To evaluate the relative impact of these factors on daily DMI during individual weeks within the feedlot period, we employed a dataset compiled from 2009 to 2014 from one commercial feedlot, including 4 132 pens (485 458 cattle), which were split into two fractions: 80% were used to calculate DMI regressions on these factors to develop a prediction equation for mean DMI for each week of the feeding period, and 20% were reserved to test the adequacy of these prediction equations. Correlations were used to determine the relationship between all available variables with observed DMI. These variables were then included in the generalized least squares regression models. A veracity test of the model was performed against the reserved data. Daily DMI from previous week was the factor most highly correlated with daily DMI (P < 0.10) during from week 6 to week 31, accounting for approximately 70% of the variation, followed by mean daily DMI during adaptation period (weeks 1–4), including in the prediction model from weeks 5 to 12. Initial shrunk BW (ISBW) was the third most correlated factor, which was included in prediction equations from week 5 to week 20. Sex entered the prediction model only after week 8. Daily DMI for each test week within the feeding period was predicted closely (r2 = 0.98) by these four factors (RMSE = 0.155 kg). In conclusion, the mean daily DMI during each week of the finishing period for a pen of cattle could be predicted closely based on mean daily DMI intake during the previous week plus other variables available early in a feedlot period (daily DMI during adaptation period, ISBW and sex).
Feedlot performance, rumen and cecum morphometrics of Nellore cattle fed increasing levels of diet starch containing a blend of essential oils and amylase or monensin
(2023-01-01) Silva, Thaiano I. S. ; Souza, Johnny M. ; Acedo, Tiago S. ; Carvalho, Victor V. ; Perdigão, Alexandre ; Silva, Leandro A. F. ; Silvestre, Antonio M. ; Niehues, Maria Betania ; Schleifer, Werner F. ; Casali, Daniel M. ; Martins, Cyntia L. ; Arrigoni, Mario D. B. ; Millen, Danilo D. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; DSM Nutritional Products SA
Feed additives used in finishing diets improve energy efficiency in ruminal fermentation, resulting in increased animal performance. However, there is no report evaluating the effect of BEO associated with exogenous α-amylase in response to increased starch content in feedlot diets. Our objective was to evaluate increasing levels of starch in the diet associated with a blend of essential oils plus amylase or sodium Monensin on performance, carcass characteristics, and ruminal and cecal morphometry of feedlot cattle. 210 Nellore bulls were used (initial body weight of 375 ± 13.25), where they were blocked and randomly allocated in 30 pens. The experiment was designed in completely randomized blocks in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement: three starch levels (25, 35, and 45%), and two additives: a blend of essential oils plus α-amylase (BEO, 90 and 560 mg/kg of DM, respectively) or sodium Monensin (MON, 26 mg/kg DM). The animals were fed once a day at 08:00 ad libitum and underwent an adaptation period of 14 days. The diets consisted of sugarcane bagasse, ground corn, soybean hulls, cottonseed, soybean meal, mineral-vitamin core, and additives. The animals fed BEO35 had higher dry matter intake (P = 0.02) and daily weight gain (P = 0.02). The MON treatment improved feed efficiency (P = 0.02). The treatments BEO35 and BEO45 increased hot carcass weight (P < 0.01). Animals fed BEO presented greater carcass yield (P = 0.01), carcass gain (P < 0.01), rib eye area gain (P = 0.01), and final rib eye area (P = 0.02) when compared to MON. The MON25 treatment improved carcass gain efficiency (P = 0.01), final marbling (P = 0.04), and final subcutaneous fat thickness (P < 0.01). The use of MON reduced the fecal starch% (P < 0.01). Cattle-fed BEO increased rumen absorptive surface area (P = 0.05) and % ASA papilla area (P < 0.01). The MON treatment reduced the cecum lesions score (P = 0.02). Therefore, the use of BEO with 35 and 45% starch increases carcass production with similar biological efficiency as MON; and animals consuming MON25 improve feed efficiency and reduce lesions in the rumen and cecum.

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