São José dos Campos - ICT - Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia
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ItemCapítulo de livro Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update from the Environment to Clinics(2022-01-01) de Oliveira, Haroldo Cesar ; de Paula e Silva, Ana Carolina Alves
; Marcos, Caroline Maria ; de Fátima da Silva, Julhiany ; Scorzoni, Liliana ; Assato, Patricia Akemi ; Rossi, Suélen Andreia ; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-PR) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Guarulhos University (UNG) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic mycosis of great importance in Latin America caused by dimorphic fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. Recent advances in the study of this mycosis reveal the Paracoccidioides genus as fungi that are difficult to treat and diagnose, with a great capacity to adapt and evade the environment of host cells, causing an invasive disease that is neglected in areas where it is endemic. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the fungi of this genus and the disease, bringing historical aspects and also the most recent advances in the study of this important mycosis, which has a great impact on public health in many countries in Latin America. This chapter will address issues such as the diversity of species of the Paracoccidioides genus, the thermal dimorphism, that allows the fungus to survive in the environment and the host, and its impact on the infectious process, virulence factors, and their relationship with the evasion capacity of the host immune system, as well as aspects associated with the disease such as clinical forms, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.ItemCapítulo de livro A Prerequisite for Health: Probiotics(2020-01-01) Rossoni, Rodnei Dennis; Ribeiro, Felipe de Camargo ; de Barros, Patrícia Pimentel ; Mylonakis, Eleftherios ; Junqueira, Juliana Campos ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Alpert Medical School & Brown University Recent advances in microbiome research have made probiotics a promising strategy for the treatment of infectious diseases. The use of probiotics results in numerous advantages for the human health, including the suppression of pathogen colonization, modulation of immune system, and antiinflammatory activity. From the knowledge of the human microbiome, new concepts have risen around the probiotics, which are known as prebiotics, synbiotics, paraprobiotics, and postbiotics. In this chapter, we discuss how probiotics interact with other microorganisms and immune components of the human host, with focus on competitive exclusion of pathogens, production of bioactive compounds, and stimulation of the immune cells and antimicrobial peptides. In addition, we describe current bioengineering techniques for enhancing the functional properties of probiotics targeted at the control of specific pathogens. Finally, several clinical studies are gathered to discuss the protocols for the probiotic applications and their effectiveness in treating gastrointestinal infections, oral diseases, and vulvovaginal candidiasis.ItemCapítulo de livro OSTEOPOROSIS AND PROBIOTICS(2021-01-01) Santos, Thaís Aguiar; Ribeiro, Jaqueline Lemes ; Anbinder, Ana Lia ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Osteoporosis; a systemic, chronic, and multifactorial disease characterized by low bone mass and bone tissue microarchitectural degradation; is considered an important public health problem worldwide. One of the most common causes of osteoporosis is post-menopausal hormonal deficiency, which leads to an imbalance in the bone remodeling process, and increased bone loss and fracture risk. The current treatments for osteoporosis, however, are not risk-free. This has led to the study and development of new possibilities for osteoporosis treatment, including the use of probiotics. Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. The promising use of probiotics relies on the possibility of preventing and treating bone loss with a natural, safe, and non-invasive method, besides the good results obtained in vivo and in patients. The most commonly used genus in osteoporosis studies is Lactobacillus, although the possible mechanisms of action are diverse. The latest research has demonstrated a strong correlation between the intestinal microbiota and bone metabolism, involving the interaction between the immune system and bone cells, as well as the regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier function through tight junction proteins. As the intestinal microbiota has become a new target for studies to improve bone health, and in view of the growing use of probiotics, this chapter reviews the literature in order to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of action, and to discuss the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.ItemCapítulo de livro Probiotics and periodontal disease(2016-01-01) Geraldo, Barbara Maria Corrêa; De Oliveira, Felipe Eduardo ; De Oliveira, Luciane Dias ; Anbinder, Ana Lia ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) During the last decade, new therapies involving the host response modulation in periodontal disease have been tested, and recent studies demonstrate that some probiotics are beneficial to oral health, decreasing the indicators of periodontal disease. Probiotics are defined by the World Health Organization as live microorganisms that can offer health benefits to the host. The most commonly studied genera that fulfill this definition are Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus. There are several mechanisms proposed to explain the probiotics’ actions on oral health, including the competition with pathogenic bacteria for adhesion sites on dental surfaces, modification of the oral environmental conditions via alteration of pH and/or oxidation-reduction potential, production of antimicrobial substances, stimulation of the nonspecific immunity and modulation of the humoral and cellular immune response. This chapterreviews the literature about the use of probiotics in periodontal disease, including in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies, in order to improve the understanding of probiotics’ role in periodontal disease and discusses the effectiveness of their use as a therapy for periodontitis.ItemCapítulo de livro Photodynamic therapy in animal health(2015-01-01) Silva, Michelle Peneluppi; Jorge, Antonio Olavo Cardoso ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment option indicated for various therapeutic protocols, such as local infections, bacteria, fungi and cancer. In veterinary medicine, studies are also being carried out to make the PDT a safe and effective treatment option for animals. In the literature, there are reports of studies about this therapeutic modality demonstrating encouraging clinical results using different classes of photosensitizers and types of light sources. PDT is based on chemical activation of a substance through visible light, generating oxygen radicals and causing destruction of the target tissue or cell without developing resistance. Although studies in the literature reporting the use of PDT with their advantages and disadvantages, it is still considered as a new and promising treatment for neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases, and its potential, either as single treatment or in combination with conventional therapy, has much yet to be explored. This chapter attempts to provide the reader, succinctly, the advance of photodynamic therapy in veterinary medicine until today, seeking a cure for potentially fatal diseases or even better quality of life for the veterinary patient. Many of these discoveries become a chance to be applied in humans due to similarities in the etiopathogeny of some diseases.ItemCapítulo de livro The use of photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy(2015-01-01) Silva, Michelle Peneluppi; Jorge, Antonio Olavo Cardoso ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Number of studies and advances in health has been made in the discovery of new photosensitizers (PS) proposed as potentially useful in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of various diseases. Photodynamic therapy has been known and applied for over a hundred years, and it is used in the treatment of malignant and nonmalignant diseases, through the interaction of three factors: photosensitizer, light source and oxygen. These factors act intrinsically, so photodynamic effect not occurring separately. The photosensitizer administered to the patient, topically or systemically, plays a key role in the development of PDT. The photosensitizer agent is responsible for capturing light and its transformation into energy, resulting in factors capable of destroying the target, it's cannot exert toxicity beyond the affected area. Thus, researches are presented in constant development to find the photosensitizer as close to optimal. In this chapter, the reader will have access to information concerning the photosensitizer in PDT.ItemCapítulo de livro The ligature-induced periodontitis model: Literature overview and description of the technique(2016-01-01) Santana, Juliana Bueno; Moraes, Renata Mendonça ; De Lima Zutin, Elis Andrade ; De Fátima Santana Melo, Gabriela ; Franco, Gilson Cesar Nobre ; Anbinder, Ana Lia ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) ; Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG) The model of periodontal disease (PD) induction in rodents is a useful tool for studying this pathology, since it is possible to control various factors involved in its development and progression. There areseveral models to induce periodontitis in experimental animals, and placement of a ligature around a molar tooth is widely used. The aim of this chapter was to review the literature about periodontitis induction by ligature and describe the technique in rats and mice, based on the experience of the authors’ research group, to assist the researchers who wish to develop this model. For this purpose, the authors conducted a search in PubMed from January 2009 to April 2014, using the terms “periodontitis ligature rats” and “periodontitis ligature mice.” One hundred sixty five articles using rats and 11 articles using mice were selected. The following variables were analyzed: breed, type of thread (thickness and material), periodontitis induction time, teeth used, negative control and the method of analyzing alveolar bone loss. The most widely used rat breed was the Wistar (69.67% of the studies) and the most common ligature was made with a cotton thread (42.42%), 3-0 thickness (30.30%), in the mandibular first molars (47.27%) for the period of 1-14 days (58.19%), and using a different group of animals as negative controls (72.73%). Histometric evaluation was the most common method of analyzing bone loss (44.24%). In mice, the most widely used breed was the C57BL/6 (63.63%). Silk ligature thread (63.64%), 9-0 thickness (27.27%) in the maxillary second molars (54.54%) for the period of 1-14 days (54.54%) were the data most commonly found, in addition to macroscopic morphometry (63.64%) for alveolar bone loss analysis. The authors concluded that the PD induction model by ligation is effective in rodents. The breed, material and thread thickness, chosen tooth, negative control and PD induction time varied widely, and must be chosen for convenience or possibility of being compared with the literature.ItemCapítulo de livro Oral Lichen Planus: Etiopathogenic, Clinical, Histopathological and Treatment Considerations(2015-10-01) Alves, Mônica Ghislaine Oliveira; Almeida, Janete Dias ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by type IV hypersensitivity, which manifests as a cell response to antigen changes that occur in the lining oral mucosa. Among patients affected by this systemic disease, 25% only have lesions in the mouth and 50% simultaneously exhibit lesions in the oral mucosa and on the skin. Oral lichen planus is more common in adult middle-aged women in their 5th and 6th decades of life. The lesions are usually bilateral, symmetrical and multifocal, and the buccal mucosa is the most commonly affected site. Six clinical forms of OLP have been described, which usually coexist: reticular, papular, plaque-like, atrophic, erosive, and bullous. In 2005, the World Health Organization classified OLP as a potentially malignant disorder. However, there is still much controversy about this classification. Several epidemiological, retrospective and prospective studies conducted over the last 20 years in different parts of the world suggest the probability of a lesion initially diagnosed as OLP to progress to squamous cell carcinoma to be 0.65 to 1.9%. Nevertheless, some authors highlight the difficulty in diagnosing OLP. Others report the lack of a universal and specific standard method for the diagnosis of this disease, which can often be confused with lesions of epithelial cell atypias exhibiting a lichenoid appearance. Hence, clinical and histopathological criteria need to be taken into consideration for the diagnosis of OLP. There is no specific treatment. Oral lichen planus should be treated when the patient manifests symptoms, since no standardized management exists that is completely satisfactory and definitive. Since most patients do not complain of symptoms, periodical follow-up for reassessment of the lesions should be performed. Moreover, the erosive and atrophic forms are almost always symptomatic and professional follow-up at shorter intervals is necessary in these cases. Corticosteroids are the most widely used drugs for the management of symptomatic lesions.