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Use of carminic acid immobilized in agarose gel as a binding phase for DGT: A new approach for determinations of rare earth elements
(2023-07-04) Pompeu Prado Moreira, Luiz Felipe ; Geraldo de Oliveira Junior, Edson ; Borges Teixeira Zanatta, Melina ; Menegário, Amauri Antonio ; Gemeiner, Hendryk ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Recently, rare-earth elements (REEs) have attracted great interest due to their importance in several fields, such as the high-technology and medicine industries. Due to the recent intensification of the use of REEs in the world and the resulting potential impact on the environment, new analytical approaches for their determination, fractionation and speciation are needed. Diffusive gradients in thin films are a passive technique already used for sampling labile REEs, providing in situ analyte concentration, fractionation and, consequently, remarkable information on REE geochemistry. However, data based on DGT measurements until now have been based exclusively on the use of a single binding phase (Chelex-100, immobilized in APA gel). The present work proposes a new method for the determination of rare earth elements using an inductively coupled plasma‒mass spectrometry technique and a diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique for application in aquatic environments. New binding gels were tested for DGT using carminic acid as the binding agent. It was concluded that acid dispersion directly in agarose gel presented the best performance, offering a simpler, faster, and greener method for measuring labile REEs compared to the existing DGT binding phase. Deployment curves obtained by immersion tests in the laboratory show that 13 REEs had linearity in their retention by the developed binding agent (retention x time), confirming the main premise of the DGT technique obeying the first Fick's diffusion law. For the first time, the diffusion coefficients were obtained in agarose gels (diffusion medium) and carminic acid immobilized in agarose as the binding phase for La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, which were 3.94 × 10−6, 3.87 × 10−6, 3.90 × 10−6, 3.79 × 10−6, 3.71 × 10−6, 4.13 × 10−6, 3.75 × 10−6, 3.94 × 10−6, 3.45 × 10−6, 3.97 × 10−6, 3.25 × 10−6, 4.06 × 10−6, and 3.50 × 10−6 cm2 s−1, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed DGT devices were tested in solutions with different pH values (3.5, 5.0, 6.5 and 8) and ionic strengths (I = 0.005 mol L−1, 0.01 mol L−1, 0.05 mol L−1 and 0.1 mol L−1 – NaNO3). The results of these studies showed an average variation in the analyte retention for all elements at a maximum of approximately 20% in the pH tests. This variation is considerably lower than those previously reported when using Chelex resin as a binding agent, particularly for lower pH values. For the ionic strength, the maximum average variation was approximately 20% for all elements (except for I = 0.005 mol L−1). These results indicate the possibility of a wide range of the proposed approach to be used for in situ deployment without the use of correction based on apparent diffusion coefficients (as required for using the conventional approach). In laboratory deployments using acid mine drainage water samples (treated and untreated), it was shown that the proposed approach presents excellent accuracy compared with data obtained from Chelex resin as a binding agent.
Monitoring river turbidity after a mine tailing dam failure using an empirical model derived from Sentinel-2 imagery
(2023-01-01) Crioni, Pedro L. B. ; Teramoto, Elias H. ; Chang, Hung K. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Sudden failure of a mine tailing dam occurred in the municipality of Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on January 25, 2019. Approximately 12 million cubic meters of mine tailings discharged into the Paraopeba River, producing strong environmental and societal impacts, mainly due to a massive increase in turbidity (occasionally exceeding 50,000 Nephelometric Turbidity Units [NTU] (CPRM 2019). Remote sensing is a well-established tool for quantifying spatial patterns of turbidity. However, a few empirical models have been developed to map turbidity in rivers impacted by mine tailings. Thus, this study aimed to develop an empirical model capable of producing turbidity estimates based on images from the Sentinel-2 satellite, using the Paraopeba River as the study area. We found that river turbidity was most strongly correlated with the sensor’s near-infrared band (NIR) (band 8). Thus, we built an empirical single-band model using an exponential function with an (R2 of 0.91) to characterize the spatial-temporal variation of turbidity based on satellite observations of NIR reflectance. Although the role of discharged tailings in the seasonal variation of turbidity is not well understood, the proposed model enabled the monitoring of turbidity variations in the Paraopeba River associated with seasonal resuspension or deposition of mine tailings. Our study shows the capability of single-band models to quantify seasonal variations in turbidity in rivers impacted by mine tailing pollution.
Natural forest regeneration on anthropized landscapes could overcome climate change effects on the endangered maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus, Illiger 1811)
(2022-12-01) Santos, Paloma Marques ; Ferraz, Katia Maria Paschoaletto Micchi de Barros ; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar ; Niebuhr, Bernardo Brandão ; Vancine, Maurício Humberto ; Chiarello, Adriano Garcia ; Paglia, Adriano Pereira ; Inovações e Comunicações ; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) ; Instituto de Pesquisa e Conservação de Tamanduás no Brasil ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)
Climate change and habitat loss have been identified as the main causes of species extinction. Forest regeneration and protected areas are essential to buffer climate change impacts and to ensure quality habitats for threatened species. We assessed the current and future environmental suitability for the maned sloth, Bradypus torquatus, under both future climate and forest restoration scenarios, using ecological niche modeling. We compared environmental suitability for two Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUnorth and ESUsouth) using two climate change scenarios for 2070, and three potential forest regeneration scenarios. Likewise, we evaluated the protection degree of the suitable areas resulting from the models, according to Brazilian law: PA - Protected Areas; PPA - Permanent Protection Areas (environmentally sensitive areas in private properties); and LR - Legal Reserves (natural vegetation areas in private properties). Finally, we calculated the deficit of PPA and LR in each ESU, considering the current forest cover. Forest regeneration might mitigate the deleterious effects of climate change by maintaining and increasing environmental suitability in future scenarios. The ESUnorth contains more suitable areas (21,570 km²) than the ESUsouth (12,386 km²), with an increase in all future scenarios (up to 45,648 km² of new suitable areas), while ESUsouth might have a significant decrease (up to 7,546 km² less). Suitable areas are mostly unprotected (ESUnorth - 65.5% and ESUsouth - 58.3%). Therefore, PPA and PA can maintain only a small portion of current and future suitable areas. Both ESUs present a high deficit of PPA and LR, highlighting the necessity to act in the recovery of these areas to accomplish a large-scale restoration, mitigate climate change effects, and achieve, at least, a minimum forested area to safeguard the species. Notwithstanding, a long-term conservation of B. torquatus will benefit from forest regeneration besides those minimum requirements, allied to the protection of forest areas.
APPLICATION OF NOBLE GASES AND THEIR ISOTOPES IN THE HYDROGEOLOGY
(2021-01-01) Kirchheim, Roberto Eduardo ; Chang, Kiang Huang ; Gastmans, Didier ; Ezaki, Sibele ; Stradioto, Márcia Regina ; CPRM/Serviço Geológico do Brasil ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Secretaria de Infraestrutura e Meio Ambiente
As the demands for water increase, it is imperative to better assess the dynamics of groundwater circulation in aquifers, information that is considered indispensable for sustainable management. The techniques involving environmental tracers and, among these, specifically those inherent to noble gas isotopes, provide valuable information, such as groundwater residence times and recharge paleotemperatures. Noble gases, namely He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe, have physical and chemical properties that vary systematically with their atomic weight, in addition to wide variations in their isotopic compositions resulting from nuclear processes from relatively more abundant parent elements. Because they are inert, noble gases do not undergo chemical and isotopic changes in water-rock interactions. Their presence in groundwater can be interpreted as mixing of atmospheric and non-atmospheric components (radiogenic and/or terrigenous). While the atmospheric component keeps records of past dynamics associated with recharge processes and, therefore, of paleoenvironments and climate, the non-atmospheric components, essentially associated with He isotopes (3He and 4He), as well as radiogenic isotopes, including 81Kr, 85Kr and 39Ar, provide valuable chronological information. This paper presents a complete bibliographic review on the meaning of the concentration of noble gases dissolved in water, their respective components and the methodological paths used to extract hydrogeological information. In the same way, field sampling practices, analytical strategies and methodological paths for data treatment are presented on the basis of the allusion to the main works developed by the international scientific community. Finally, the antecedents of noble gases in Brazil are presented and discussed, with emphasis on the Guarani Aquifer System, which has been the object of pioneering and current development with the application of noble gases. The paper provides a broad view of the use of noble gases and relevant information for the dissemination of these techniques in Brazil.
WHAT STRONTIUM ISOTOPES TEACH US ABOUT GROUNDWATER.
(2021-01-01) Quaggio, Carolina Stager ; Gastmans, Didier ; de Souza Martins, Veridiana Teixeira ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
The ratio between the strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) is an excellent hydrogeochemical tracer. Thanks to its conservative characteristic, which means that no fractionation will take place in face of geological superficial processes, for example, water-rock interaction, weathering, salinization processes and in the determination of 87Sr sources, strontium isotopes constitute relevant information to understand groundwater circulation. In Brazil, there are few hydrogeological studies that use strontium isotopes to assess hydrogeochemical processes. The little use of this versatile technique is explained by the restricted number of laboratories in Brazil with analytical capacity to determine 87Sr/86Sr ratios in groundwater, since high-resolution equipment – such as thermal ionization (TIMS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) mass spectrometers –, specialized teams and infrastructure are required. Furthermore, there is the complexity of the interpretation of the results, which requires complementary data and deep knowledge of the hydrogeological context. In this sense, this paper aims to motivate the use of strontium isotopes by presenting the key concepts to comprehend and determine strontium isotopes in groundwater, starting with the review of the theoretical concepts of the strontium geochemistry, strontium isotopy and the strontium isotope cycle. Sampling and analytical procedures are presented, followed by a review of groundwater studies that have applied this tracer in Brazil. Final considerations and the presentation of opportunities to apply the strontium isotope technique to hydrogeological studies are made. Since 87Sr/86Sr data are lacking for the majority of the Brazilian aquifer systems, the opportunity exists to expand this line of research to produce unprecedented data and to include strontium isotopes in groundwater monitoring programs.
GROUNDWATER STRESS ASSESSMENT IN THE PIRACICABA, CAPIVARI AND JUNDIAÍ RIVER BASINS (PCJ).
(2021-01-01) de Paula E Silva, Flavio ; Fischer, Tiago Vier ; Ezaki, Sibele ; Gastmans, Didier ; Rodrigues, Vinícius Rosa ; Albuquerque Filho, José Luiz ; Franzini, Andrea Segura ; Noale, Julia Octaviano ; Geodata Consultoria e Projetos Hidrogeológicos ; Fischer Geologia Ltda. ; Secretaria de Infraestrutura e Meio Ambiente/SP ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Cidade Universitária ; DAEE/ BMT/BMRC ; Serviço Geológico do Brasil – CPRM
This article presents the results of an assessment of groundwater stress in the aquifers present in the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí river Basins, located in southeastern Brazil, with over 15,378 km2, 92.5% of which belongs to the State of São Paulo and a small part (7.5%) to the State of Minas Gerais. The assessment of water stress in aquifers is based on consumption and availability indicators. The consumption indicator used was the exploitation density, calculated using the Kernel Density geoprocessing tool, using the flow data from 11,621 wells obtained from the Department of Water and Electric Energy - DAEE, complemented with data from Minas Gerais State, extracted from the CPRM - Geological Survey of Brazil database. The availability indicator used the Q95 minimum flow rate, calculated from the hydrological regionalization studies carried out by DAEE. Applying the geoprocessing method of subtracting the grids from the water availability and exploitation intensity maps, the water stress map was obtained, expressed in terms of water balance. The stress map discriminates areas with water deficit (negative balance) from areas with water overplus (positive balance), in terms of available annual flow rate (m3/year). The method proved to be efficient in the identification of areas with water deficit, making it possible to direct management efforts to monitor and apply usage and protection guidelines.
Waterbirds as cadmium sentinels in Brazil
(2022-01-01) Dos Santos Lima, Guilherme ; Kamazuka, Silvia Harumi ; Menegario, Amauri Antonio ; Efe, Márcio Amorim ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Federal de Alagoas
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic elements of global concern in the environment with no biological value well known to science. Cadmium natural emissions, such as volcanic eruptions and natural fires, do not seem to release harmful concentrations of Cd in the environment, contrary to anthropogenic emissions (smelt, burning fossil fuels, phosphate fertilizer, nickel-cadmium batteries, plastic industry, etc). This review reports how waterbirds are used as sentinels of Cd concentrations on the Brazilian coast. We analyzed the standardization in methods and essential parameters to understand the levels and effects of Cd in this group of birds. Eighteen studies were carried out in the Brazilian territory, from 2007 to 2021, with a decline in publications in recent years. Cadmium concentrations were analyzed for 15 bird species, distributed in nine families and five orders. About 54% of the analyzed studies collected their samples in the territory of Rio de Janeiro state. Of the 17 Brazilian coastal states, Cd in waterbirds was only determined in eight states with the liver tissue being analyzed in 35% of the cases, followed by feathers (22%), kidney tissue (19%), muscles (13%), blood (8%), and eggshells (3%). In general, liver and kidney tissue concentrations were within the acceptable values for wild birds, 40 and 100 mg kg-1 respectively. Available data sets do not provide sufficient information to test any pattern of temporal and/or spatial trend in Cd concentrations in waterbirds. Besides, species of the same region do not necessarily concentrate the contaminants equally. Furthermore, the lack of standardization in methods and parameters compromises safe assessments of the conservation status of Brazilian waterbirds.
THE 3H/3HE GROUNDWATER AGE-DATING METHOD AND APPLICATIONS
(2021-01-01) Gilmore, Troy ; Cherry, Mikaela ; Gastmans, Didier ; Humphrey, Eric ; Solomon, Douglas Kip ; Conservation and Survey Division ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; University of Utah
Groundwater age-dating is an important tool for quantifying and managing water resources. Groundwater age is the elapsed time between recharge (at the land surface or water table) and the time when groundwater is sampled. If groundwater is sampled at the point of discharge from an aquifer, then the age represents the groundwater transit time. Groundwater that has recharged in recent decades is considered young groundwater. In many areas, the quality and quantity of young groundwater has been impacted by human activities and groundwater age-dating is useful for quantifying current and historical water and contaminant fluxes into and through aquifers. This review is focused on the tritium-helium (3H/3He) method, which is a robust and widely applied age-dating technique for young groundwater. We present the development of the 3H/3He method and practical considerations for sampling groundwater in shallow unconfined aquifers. Along the way, we highlight available resources: (1) educational software for building intuition around groundwater age-dating and selection of sampling sites and (2) software that can be used to calculate 3H/3He age from noble gas and 3H data. We also highlight strengths and potential uncertainties associated with the method. For example, while other age-dating techniques require a known historical record of tracer concentration in the atmosphere, the 3H/3He age-dating technique does not require such historical records. However, the 3H/3He method requires measurement of two tracers to produce a groundwater age estimate (“apparent age” or “tracer age”). Precise measurement of 3H and noble gases, plus careful analysis of noble gas data to calculate the tritiogenic 3He (i.e., the portion of 3He derived from decay of 3H in the aquifer) is required to calculate the groundwater apparent age. Sampling for noble gases is sometimes challenging and requires specialized sample containers and technique. We also introduce basic sampling methods in this review but highlight how practitioners should work closely with a noble gas laboratory to obtain the correct containers and assess field conditions and/or the overall feasibility of projects. Lastly, the review highlights recent applications of the 3H/3He method, including recharge rate estimation, characterization of contaminant input histories for aquifers, quantifying groundwater transit times by sampling at aquifer discharge points, and the use of isotope data to constrain and inform numerical and statistical models of groundwater and contaminant movement in the subsurface.
Short-term arsenic mobilization, labilization, and microbiological aspects after gasoline and diesel addition in tropical soils
(2023-06-01) Luko-Sulato, Karen ; Sulato, Everton Tiago ; Podsclan, Caroline Barradas ; de Souza de Oliveira, Lucia Maria ; Kabuki, Lauren Nozomi Marques ; Rosolen, Vania ; Menegário, Amauri Antonio ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The effect of the presence of gasoline and diesel on the speciation and mobility of inorganic arsenic species in tropical topsoils was investigated. Topsoil samples (n = 25) were contaminated with gasoline and diesel (500 mg kg−1) in laboratory and were incubated under unsaturated conditions and regular aeration for 21 days. Speciation analysis and chemical fractionation were performed in the pore water from control, gasoline, and diesel-contaminated soil samples. Arsenic concentrations were compared to microbiological parameters (microbial metabolic quotient and soil basal breathing) and the presence of ArsM-harboring bacteria. The spike of gasoline and diesel to the topsoils increased pore water As3+ (H3AsO3) concentration. Arsenic mobilization was lower compared to previously reported data for other sources of organic matter (biochar, litter, and a mixture of sphagnum peat moss and composted poultry manure). However, gasoline or diesel addition mobilized As fractions that were adsorbed to the solid phase, in approximately 60% of the soils. Methylation presented an important role in the As3+ regulation in control soils, which was no longer observed after gasoline or diesel addition. The quantification of the labile fractions sampled by the diffusive gradients in thin films technique showed that the increased As concentration in the gasoline or diesel-contaminated soils mostly included inert species. Dissolved organic carbon content seems to be an important control mechanism of the labile As concentration. The increase in As mobility seems to pose a more concerning scenario due to As leaching than to plant uptake.
Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes contributions for Brazilian aquifers knowledge: state of art and future perspectives
(2021-01-01) Gastmans, Didier ; Garpelli, Lia Nogueira ; dos Santos, Vinícius ; de Lima, Camila ; Quaggio, Carolina Stager ; Santarosa, Lucas Vituri ; Kirchheim, Roberto Eduardo ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; ITR Centro-Sur ; Diretoria de Hidrologia e Gestão Territorial R. Costa
HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN STABLE ISOTOPES CONTRIBUTIONS FOR BRAZILIAN AQUIFERS KNOWLEDGE: STATE OF ART AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. Groundwater supplies circa 50% of all Brazilian municipalities, and its increasing use results from the combination of (i) climatic conditions, as the high precipitation rates lead to important water surpluses, providing conditions to the recharge of aquifers, and (ii) the hydrogeological framework, consisting of a variety of aquifers (porous, fractured and karst) encompassed by different geological and structural provinces. Due to the importance of groundwater to Brazil, H and O stable isotopes have been regularly used in hydrogeological studies since the 1970’s, with an increase in the application of stable isotope methods at the beginning of the 21st century. This increase is associated with the establishment of numerous research groups in hydrogeology and the development of analytical techniques that enabled the optimization of the analyses. In this sense, we present a review of the application of H and O stable isotopes to the hydrogeological study of Brazilian aquifers, based on a critical reading of the available scientific literature. This paper is divided into five chapters. Initially, the theoretical foundations for the application of stable H and O isotopes in hydrological studies are presented, followed by a review of the knowledge about the rainwater isotopic composition and climatic controls. Then, the state-of-the-art of the application of stable isotopes in Brazil is complemented with the lessons learned and the opportunities revealed for the application of the methods in hydrogeological studies. This review attested the good coverage of rain water data and corresponding isotopic composition, allowing considerations at the regional scale, despite the time lag that occurred due to the interruption of the meteorological observations in the 1980’s. Regarding groundwater isotopic composition, the major variations were observed in regional aquifers, especially in confined portions, such as the aquifers of the Paraná Basin and of the Amazon Basin, reflecting past recharge conditions extending for long periods of time. The relationships between isotopic composition and regional climatic aspects and geographic localization are also reflected in the groundwater isotopic composition. Despite the growing number of studies using stable H and O isotopes, especially involving the most important sedimentary aquifers, there are still challenges those open new possibilities of study. There is a gap in knowledge regarding a holistic view about the water movement along the hydrological cycle, based on the understanding of the correlation between large-scale climatic phenomena and groundwater recharge, as well as the application of multi-isotopic tracer methods (involving noble gases and radioactive isotopes, for example), in order to determine groundwater residence times and water mixing, in addition to studies aiming at the understanding of groundwater-surface water interactions.
Coffee cover surrounding forest patches negatively affect Euglossini bee communities
(2022-08-01) Carneiro, Lázaro da Silva ; Frantine-Silva, Wilson ; de Aguiar, Willian Moura ; Melo, Gabriel A. R. ; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar ; Sofia, Silvia Helena ; Gaglianone, Maria Cristina ; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF ; Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - UEFS ; Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)
Orchid bees (Euglossini) are pollinators sensitive to landscape pressures related to agricultural land use, such as coffee farming. Coffee crops occupy a large land area in Brazil, and understanding the effects of coffee farming on bee communities is essential to pollinator conservation in modified landscapes. Here, we evaluated the Euglossini communities in forest patches surrounded by coffee crops in the Atlantic Forest. We hypothesized the negative effects of coffee cover (%) on euglossine richness and abundance. The euglossine males were sampled at a sampling point within forest patches of 15 landscapes in southeastern Brazil. A total of 1890 euglossine males in four genera and 14 species were sampled. Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, 1841 was the dominant species (55.1%), followed by Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758) (25.5%). We found a new record for Euglossa liopoda Dressler, 1982, increasing the species’ known range in the Atlantic Forest. The results showed that the euglossine richness and species abundance decreased in forest patches surrounded by a high coffee cover (%). These negative effects of coffee cover on the Euglossini communities are related to forest cover substitution by monocultures with low or no floral attractiveness for these bees. This study highlights that forest patches in agricultural landscapes sustain high levels of euglossine richness. Thus, we indicate the conservation importance of these Atlantic Forest patches for bee species requirements.
Mammals in São Paulo State: diversity, distribution, ecology, and conservation
(2022-01-01) Galetti, Mauro ; Carmignotto, Ana Paula ; Percequillo, Alexandre R. ; Santos, Marcos C. de O. ; de Barros Ferraz, Katia Maria P. M. ; Lima, Fernando ; Vancine, Maurício H. ; Muylaert, Renata L. ; Bonfim, Fernando César Gonçalves ; Magioli, Marcelo ; Abra, Fernanda D. ; Chiarello, Adriano G. ; Duarte, José Maurício Barbanti ; Morato, Ronaldo ; Beisiegel, Beatriz de Mello ; Olmos, Fábio ; Galetti, Pedro Manoel ; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; Instituto Pró-Carnivoros ; Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros ; Floresta Nacional de Capão Bonito ; Permian Brasil ; School of Veterinary Science ; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz ; Center for Conservation and Sustainability
Mammals are charismatic organisms that play a fundamental role in ecological functions and ecosystem services, such as pollination, seed dispersal, nutrient cycling, and pest control. The state of São Paulo represents only 3% of the Brazilian territory but holds 33% of its mammalian diversity. Most of its territory is dominated by agriculture, pastures, and urban areas which directly affect the diversity and persistence of mammals in the landscape. In addition, São Paulo has the largest port in Latin America and the largest offshore oil reservoir in Brazil, with a 600 km stretch of coastline with several marine mammal species. These human-made infrastructures affect the diversity, distribution, ecology, and the future of mammals in the state. Here, we answer five main questions: 1) What is the diversity of wild mammals in São Paulo state? 2) Where are they? 3) What is their positive and negative impact on human well-being? 4) How do mammals thrive in human-modified landscapes? 5) What is the future of mammals in the state? The state of São Paulo holds 255 species of native mammals, with four endemic species, two of them globally endangered. At least six species (two marsupials, Giant otter, Pampas deer, Brazilian dwarf brocket deer, and Giant armadillo) were extirpated from the state due to hunting and habitat loss. The intense human land use in the state forced many mammalian species to change their diet to cope with the intense fragmentation and agriculture. Large-scale monoculture has facilitated the invasion of exotic species such as wild boars (javali) and the European hare. Several “savanna-dwelling” species are expanding their ranges (Maned wolf, Brocket deer) over deforested areas and probably reflect changes towards a drier climate. Because the state has the largest road system, about 40,000 mammals from 33 species are killed per year in collisions causing an economic loss of 12 million dollars/year. The diversity of mammals is concentrated in the largest forest remnants of Serra do Mar and in the interior of the State, mainly in the regions of Ribeirão Preto and Jundiaí. Sampling gaps are concentrated throughout the interior of the state, particularly in the northwest region. Wild mammals play a fundamental role in many ecosystem services, but they can also be a concern in bringing new emergent diseases to humans. Although the taxonomy of mammals seems to be well known, we show that new species are continuously being discovered in the state. Therefore, continuous surveys using traditional and new technologies (eDNA, iDNA, drones), long-term population monitoring, investigation of the interface of human-wildlife conflict, and understanding of the unique ecosystem role played by mammals are future avenues for promoting sustainable green landscapes allied to human well-being in the state. The planting of forest or savanna corridors, particularly along with major river systems, in the plateau, controlling illegal hunting in the coastal areas, managing fire regimes in the Cerrado, and mitigating roadkill must be prioritized to protect this outstanding mammal diversity.
Landscape influences genetic diversity but does not limit gene flow in a Neotropical pollinator
(2022-08-01) de Matos Barbosa, Marcela ; Jaffé, Rodolfo ; Carvalho, Carolina S. ; Lanes, Éder C. M. ; Alves-Pereira, Alessandro ; Zucchi, Maria I. ; Corrêa, Alberto S. ; Ribeiro, Milton C. ; Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera L. ; Alves, Denise A. ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; Vale Institute of Technology - Sustainable Development (ITV-DS) ; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) ; São Paulo Agency for Agribusiness Technology (APTA) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Tropical landscapes are rapidly changing due to deforestation and agricultural expansion, entailing the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats. Understanding how these changes affect the genetic diversity and gene flow in key native pollinators is of great importance to assure their survival and provision of pollination services. In this context, we studied how landscape features influence genetic diversity and gene flow in one of the most widespread species of stingless bees in the Neotropical region, Tetragonisca angustula. We evaluated bees from 46 nests sampled across forested, agricultural and urban landscapes within the Atlantic Forest, genotyped at 745 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found that forest cover negatively influenced the heterozygosity at a 500-m scale, although inbreeding and gene flow were not influenced by landscape features. Gene flow was explained mainly by geographic distance, indicating that T. angustula can disperse across heterogeneous and human-altered landscapes.
Carbon Soil Storage and Technologies to Increase Soil Carbon Stocks in the South American Savanna
(2022-05-01) Castellano, Gabriel Ribeiro ; Santos, Landerlei Almeida ; Menegário, Amauri Antonio ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; China University of Geosciences
The expansion of the agricultural frontiers that occurred in the last decades in the South American savanna (Cerrado), the second-largest biome in Brazil (covering an area of 204 million hectares), has accounted for a substantial portion of South America’s CO2 emissions. In this context, our research investigated the potential for soil carbon storage in the biome. The analysis of previous data (n = 197) shows a vertical distribution pattern of soil carbon stock: 26.17% for the upper 0–30 cm layer, 37.67% for the 30–100 cm layer, and 36.15% for the 100–200 cm layer. The total soil carbon storage for the biome is 13.5 ± 6.7 gigatons (n = 71) for the upper 0–30 cm layer, 30.5 ± 18.9 Gt (n = 64) for the 0–100 cm layer, and 47.8 ± 4.3 (n = 9) for the 0–200 cm layer. The results indicate that the soil carbon stock up to 1 m deep in the Cerrado ranges from 0.5% to 2.29% of the global soil organic carbon storage for this depth. Further research is necessary to investigate what happens at a depth of at least 2 m. The results also indicate that the soil under pasture lands constitutes the largest manageable pool for increasing soil carbon stocks via the restoration of degraded pastures.
Orchid bees respond to landscape composition differently depending on the multiscale approach
(2022-06-01) Silva Carneiro, Lázaro da ; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar ; Aguiar, Willian Moura de ; Fátima Priante, Camila de ; Frantine-Silva, Wilson ; Gaglianone, Maria Cristina ; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense—UENF ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana—UEFS
Context: Multiscale approaches are essential for understanding ecological processes and detecting the scale of effect. However, nested multiscale approaches retain the effect of the landscape attributes from the smaller spatial scales into the larger ones. Thus, decoupling the nested scales can reveal detailed ecological responses to landscape context, but this multiscale approach is poorly explored. Objectives: We evaluated the scale of effect of the forest cover (%) and landscape heterogeneity on Euglossini bee communities combining coupled and decoupled multiscale approaches. Methods: The Euglossini males were sampled in forest patches from 15 landscapes within the Atlantic Forest, southeast Brazil. For simplicity, we defined that the coupled approaches represented the local scales and decoupled the regional scales. We decoupled the scales by cutting out the smaller scales inserted into larger ones. We estimated the relationship of the bee community attributes with forest cover (%) and landscape heterogeneity in local and regional scales using Generalized Linear Models. Results: We found a trend of positive effects of landscape heterogeneity on species richness for decoupled regional scales. Forest cover and landscape heterogeneity on coupled local scales positively affected the Euglossini species abundance. The scale of effect for Euglossini species abundance was on coupled local scales. Conclusions: Combining coupled and decoupled multiscale approaches was essential to determine the scale of effect of the landscape composition on bee communities. Therefore, it is crucial to measure the influence of the landscape context on biodiversity. Maintaining landscapes with larger forest cover and spatial heterogeneity is important for bee requirements.
Coffee cover surrounding forest patches negatively affect Euglossini bee communities (vol 53, 42, 2022)
(Springer, 2022-10-01) Carneiro, Lazaro da Silva ; Frantine-Silva, Wilson ; Aguiar, Willian Moura de ; Melo, Gabriel A. R. ; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar ; Sofia, Silvia Helena ; Gaglianone, Maria Cristina ; Univ Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF) ; Univ Estadual Feira Santana UEFS ; Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)
Mercury Concentration in Liver Tissues of South American Fur Seals (Arctocephalus australis) from Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
(Soc Brasileira Quimica, 2022-04-08) Lima, Guilherme S. ; Menegario, Amauri A. ; Sulato, Everton T. ; Pedrobom, Jorge H. ; Torres-Florez, Juan P. ; Araujo Junior, Marcus A. G. de ; Barreto, Andre S. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Ctr Nacl Pesquisa & Conservacao Mamiferos Aquat I ; Petr Brasileiro SA PETROBRAS ; Univ Vale Itajai UNIVALI
Mercury (Hg) contamination of oceans is rapidly increasing, however Hg bioaccumulation in pinnipeds has been understudied. Here, we report for the first time Hg concentration in liver tissues of South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) in South and Southeast Brazil. Hg concentration was determined in twenty-five fur seals' specimens found stranded along the coast of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Samples were digested using the microwave technique and quantified by cold vapor generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry technique. The average Hg concentration was 6.37 mg kg(-1) (wet weight), with a minimum concentration of 0.09 mg kg(-1) and the highest concentration of 15.58 mg kg(-1). No correlation between biological variables (sex, total length and weight) and Hg concentration in A. australis liver were found. The results presented here are of great importance to establish baselines for future evaluations of Hg contamination in marine mammals and the effects of this environmental problem in animal health.
A new approach to improve the accuracy of DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films) measurements in monitoring wells
(2022-02-01) Santos, Cristiane Aily ; Gemeiner, Hendryk ; Menegário, Amauri Antonio ; Galceran, Josep ; Zanatta, Melina Borges Teixeira ; Chang, Hung Kiang ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) technique represents an ideal tool for monitoring water quality of inorganic species in systems with a high flow such as rivers, streams, lakes and seas. However, in low-flow systems (non-turbulent waters), the influence of a diffusive boundary layer (DBL) formed on the surface of the DGT device has been observed, which can lead to erroneous measurements by DGT. Therefore, the use of DGT in wells for groundwater monitoring is still very limited until now. In this sense, the present study evaluates the applicability of the DGT technique in non-turbulent and low-flow water systems. We propose a new way to calculate the DBL with the objective to carry out a robust DGT analysis in environmental monitoring wells. For this purpose, DGT devices with different diffusive gel thicknesses were deployed in an experimental set-up simulating a groundwater monitoring well. A DBL thickness (for each element) was calculated from the slopes of the linear regressions between the DGT accumulated mass of metal and the deployment time (4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h) for each of the two diffusive gel thicknesses. The mean DBL thickness (averaging the individual DBL thicknesses calculated from the slopes) was 0.06 cm. The concentrations of the analysed elements were corrected with this DBL with the result that the metal concentrations measured by DGT improved and were highly approximated to their actual total values in this non-complexing medium.
In situ fractionation and redox speciation of arsenic in soda lakes of Nhecolândia (Pantanal, Brazil) using the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique
(2022-02-01) Elias, Lucas Pellegrini ; Menegário, Amauri Antonio ; Hernández, Amauris Hechavarría ; Eismann, Carlos Eduardo ; Martins Viana, José Lucas ; Pedrobom, Jorge Henrique ; Geraldo de Oliveira Junior, Edson ; Barbiero, Laurent ; Fostier, Anne Hélène ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) ; Géoscience Environnement Toulouse (GET)
In situ fractionation and redox speciation of As in three different saline-alkaline lakes (green, black and crystalline lakes) in the Pantanal of Nhecolândia (Brazil) were performed by using Diffusive Gradients in Thin films (DGT). The results indicated that As is present mainly in dissolved form. Total As concentration was similar when using different filter membranes, demonstrating that the species adsorbed by DGT devices were <10 kDa. Higher concentrations of labile total As were observed in the center of the lakes, indicating that the nature of the organic matter influences the formation of As complexes. Total As concentrations determined by using ZrO2 DGT were consistent with As concentration in ultrafiltered water samples collected in the black lake. However, part of the data about As(III) obtained in grab samples contrasted with DGT results. The differences observed may indicate that alterations in the species occur during the storage period before analysis by ultrafiltration. As(III) concentrations measured by DGT in the black and crystalline lakes were 1-3 μg L-1 and 4-7 μg L-1, respectively, accounting for only 4%–8% of the total DGT inorganic As. In the green lake, As(III) concentrations were significantly higher at the center (217 μg L−1). Both the phytoplankton community and the dissolved organic carbon influence the As speciation and bioavailability in the lakes of Nhecolândia. The DGT approach used in the present work was able to perform As speciation and demonstrates that in situ sampling analytical techniques are essential in understanding As speciation and its behavior in complex natural aquatic systems.
In situ arsenic speciation at the soil/water interface of saline-alkaline lakes of the Pantanal, Brazil: A DGT-based approach
(2022-01-15) Viana, José Lucas Martins ; Souza, Adriana Felix de ; Hernández, Amauris Hechavarría ; Elias, Lucas Pellegrini ; Eismann, Carlos Eduardo ; Rezende-Filho, Ary Tavares ; Barbiero, Laurent ; Menegario, Amauri Antonio ; Fostier, Anne Hélène ; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) ; Géoscience Environnement Toulouse (GET)
Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust, exhibiting toxicity towards a wide range of living organisms. Its properties and environmental dynamics are strongly regulated by its speciation, and the species As(III) and As(V) are the most commonly found in environmental systems. Recently, high concentrations of As were found in saline-alkaline lakes of the Pantanal (Brazil), which is the largest wetland area in the world. Therefore, we evaluated As contamination and its redox speciation (As(III) and As(V)) at the soil/water interface of biogeochemically distinct saline-alkaline lakes of Pantanal wetlands (Brazil). Both conventional sampling and in situ diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique were employed. Zirconium oxide and 3-mercaptopropyl were used as ligand phases in DGT to selectively bind As species. High concentrations of total dissolved As in a shallow water table were found (<2337.5 μg L−1), whereas levels in soils were up to 2.4 μg g−1. Distinct scenarios were observed when comparing speciation analysis through spot sampling and DGT. Considering spot sampling, As(V) was the main species detected, whereas As(III) was only detected in only a few samples (<4.2 μg L−1). Conversely, results obtained by DGT showed that labile As(III) dominated arsenic speciation at the soil/water interface with levels up to 203.0 μg L−1. Coupling DGT data and DGT induced fluxes in sediments and soils model allowed obtaining kinetic data, showing that the soil barely participated in the arsenic dynamics on the shore of the lakes, and that this participation depends on the evapoconcentration process occurring in the region. Therefore, soil acts like a nonreactive matrix depending on the natural concentration process. In addition, our results reinforced the different geochemical characteristics of the studied saline-alkaline lakes and highlights the importance of robust passive sampling techniques in the context of metal/metalloid speciation in environmental analysis.

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