Jaboticabal - CAUNESP - Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp
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ItemCapítulo de livro The diet of ctenomyids(2021-02-17) Lopes, Carla Martins ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)What do ctenomyids eat? Do they have any food preference? Do we know the diet composition of all ctenomyid species? What are the methods available to study the diet of species? In this chapter, we answer all these questions, focusing on what we know so far about the diet of ctenomyids. We do not discuss the physiological aspects of the diet. This was addressed in Chap. 11.ItemCapítulo de livro New Molecular Data on Squat Lobster from the Coast of Sao Paulo State (Brazil) (Anomura: Munida and Agononida) and Insights on the Systematics of the Family Munididae(2021-04-02) Miranda, I. ; Peres, P. A. ; Tavares, M. D.S. ; Mantelatto, F. L. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP)The squat lobsters Munida Leach, 1820 and Agononida Leach, 1820 are part of the most speciose genera in the diverse family Munididae. Despite the considerable diversity (>240 species), the Brazilian waters encompass 18 species so far (17 Munida and 1 Agononida), only 7 (6 and 1, respectively) of which recorded from the coast of Sao Paulo. The decapod fauna along the coast of Sao Paulo has been studied in the recent past, mostly using classical alpha morphology. In the present study, we carried out a molecular analysis to phylogenetically contextualize the species of Munida and Agononida and address future directions on the systematics of the group. The current investigation results from a long-term multidisciplinary taxonomic project that combined analyses of adult specimens for accurate and detailed identification of the biodiversity of marine decapod crustaceans from Sao Paulo state. Sampling was carried out in five major regions along the Sao Paulo coast from 2011 to 2018: Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba, Sao Sebastiao and Ilhabela, Santos and Sao Vicente, and Cananeia and Ilha Comprida. Additional material from the MZUSP collections was used to complete the analysis when fresh material was not obtained during the surveys. Previous to molecular analysis, the material was identified by classical literature. We obtained six species out of seven recorded, with sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I-barcode region and 16S generated from six species. We include additional genera and close species to run the analysis to better contextualize the phylogenetic positioning of the target species. Our tree shows a clear recognition of some of Sao Paulo species and points out systematics inconsistencies in Munididae. Based on the present results, and pending future more complete analyses, Munididae should be revised.ItemCapítulo de livro Testing Novel Inactivation Methods and Adjuvants for Vaccines Against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus(2022-01-01) Ramos-Espinoza, Fernando Carlos ; Cueva-Quiroz, Victor Alexander ; Yunis-Aguinaga, Jefferson ; Alvarez-Rubio, Norquis Caled ; de Mello, Nicoli Paganoti ; de Moraes, Julieta Rodini Engrácia ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)Inactivation by hydrogen peroxide and pH manipulation are two novel methods used recently in experimental vaccines against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia. Here we describe in detail inactivation using novel methods as well as the classical method of inactivation. These vaccines showed similar moderate efficacy when compared to the conventional formaldehyde vaccine. In addition, we describe the inclusion of adjuvants in a hydrogen peroxide vaccine.ItemCapítulo de livro Freshwater caridean culture(2021-01-01) Valenti, Wagner C. ; Flickinger, Dallas L. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)This chapter focuses on advances in the farm production of the freshwater prawns (FWPs) Macrobrachium spp., primarily on M. rosenbergii. Farming FWPs is generally divided into four phases: reproduction, hatchery, nursery, and grow-out. The broodstock is held in earthen ponds or indoor tanks filled with freshwater. The hatchery is usually performed in intensive systems, using indoor tanks and brackish water, whereas the nursery phase uses freshwater in indoor tanks or in earthen ponds. The grow-out is generally performed in semi-intensive systems, using freshwater earthen ponds in monoculture, but integrated systems with fish, crabs, or rice are also very common. The production strategy is site specific and should be set up according to the species raised, climate characteristics, and the desired market size of the prawn. Productivity generally ranges from 1, 000 to 4, 500 kg/ha/yr, but may surpass 11, 000 kg/ha/yr in tropical areas. Production is concentrated in Asia, mainly in China. Most production is traded in local markets, and FWPs are usually sold alive, but some countries, such as Bangladesh, India, and Thailand, export frozen prawns to Europe and the USA. Substantial scientific literature and more than 100 patents support the technology for farming FWPs. However, genetics, nutrition, and interaction with other species in integrated culture are still issues. The culture of FWPs has been described in detail in a number of international review papers, books and book chapters, and practical manuals. This chapter summarizes and updates the information found in those publications.ItemCapítulo de livro MIcrocystin MC-LR in brazilian aquaculture production systems(2010-01-01) Barros, Ludmilla S. S. ; Tavares, Lúcia Helena S. ; Amaral, Luiz A. ; University Campus of Cruz das Almas ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)The growth of aquaculture production systems, mostly the sports-fishing kind, coupled to lack of control, brings about concerns on the quality of water and food produced. Current paper determines which factors may trigger the growth of cyanobacteria with subsequent concentrations of microcystins in collected water samples, at the surface and in the water column, from ten aquaculture systems, during the dry and rainy seasons. The above is undertaken by measurements of biotic (counting of Chlorophyceae, cyanobacteria and MC-LR) and abiotic (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) factors. Since water of ten aquaculture production systems had MC-LR concentrations highly correlated with M. aeruginosa biomass, most MC-LR microcystins were produced by this species. MC-LR concentrations and M. aeruginosa counting were positively correlated with N:P rates and suggest that parameters may affect not only the M. aeruginosa biomass but also MC-LR concentrations.ItemCapítulo de livro Macrophytes in neotropical aquaculture farms: Positive and negative effects(2014-01-01) Sipaúba-Tavares, Lúcia Helena ; Dias, Samuel Generoso ; Travaini-Lima, Fernanda ; Scardoeli-Truzzi, Bruno ; Boareto, Cecília Anatriello ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)Aquatic plants play a significant role in maintaining water quality, due to their ability of absorbing nutrients. The aim of this chapter is to show the value of macrophyte use as a tool for biological water treatment of aquaculture farms and also as a culture medium for microalgae. In southeastern Brazil, aquaculture farming is mainly carried out in flowthrough systems, in which large earthen fishponds are commonly arranged in line, each pond receiving the effluent from the previous one, without any prior treatment. The continuous water flow through the fishponds strongly depends on seasonal rains. The current system for production of aquatic organisms could benefit greatly from the development of low cost strategies to mitigate its impacts in the environment. Maintenance of good water quality is of primary importance to maintain an ideal culture ecosystem, with adequate feed for optimal fish yield potential, and preservation of a eutrophic situation. Fish production may cause serious environmental issues, especially when there is little concern over excessive plant growth, which can influence the functioning and structure of ecological processes in the fishponds. The use of macrophytes as bio-filter and /or wetland or as microalgae culture medium in aquaculture farms can serve as a tool for maintenance of good environmental conditions and improve the cultivation of microalgae. These microalgae can in turn be used as a nutritional source for the fish larvae, pigment in aquaculture and also as a supplementary additive in the food industry. This alternative medium should allow efficient production of microalgae, at a low cost for the laboratory. The understanding of local characteristics and development of proper feeding techniques, aimed at the integration and optimization of fish production, are important factors in obtaining and maintaining water quality appropriate for microalgae culture.ItemCapítulo de livro Biology(2007-12-17) Ismael, Deborah ; New, Michael Bernard ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Wroxton LodgeMost of the information in this chapter is concerned with Macrobrachium rosenbergii. However, where specific information is lacking, other closely related crustaceans are used for illustrative purposes, it being reasonable to assume that their biology does not differ substantially. This chapter is not intended to be a complete treatise on decapod biology, merely a summary of those facets of Macrobrachium biology that are relevant to its aquaculture. For a more detailed account of decapod biology a most elegant recent publication about the American lobster (Factor 1995) may be consulted.ItemCapítulo de livro Microcystin MC-LR in Brazilian aquaculture production systems(2011-01-01) Barros, Ludmilla S. S. ; Tavares, Lúcia Helena S. ; Amaral, Luiz A. ; Federal University of the Recôncavo of Bahia-CCAAB-UFRB ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)The growth of aquaculture production systems, mostly the sports-fishing kind, coupled to lack of control, brings about concerns on the quality of water and food produced. Current paper determines which factors may trigger the growth of cyanobacteria with subsequent concentrations of microcystins in collected water samples, at the surface and in the water column, from ten aquaculture systems, during the dry and rainy seasons. The above is undertaken by measurements of biotic (counting of Chlorophyceae, cyanobacteria and MC-LR) and abiotic (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) factors. Since water of ten aquaculture production systems had MC-LR concentrations highly correlated with M. aeruginosa biomass, most MC-LR microcystins were produced by this species. MC-LR concentrations and M. aeruginosa counting were positively correlated with N:P rates and suggest that parameters may affect not only the M. aeruginosa biomass but also MC-LR concentrations. © 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.ItemCapítulo de livro The brain-pituitary-gonad axis and the gametogenesis(2019-01-01) Borella, Maria Inês ; Chehade, Chayrra ; Costa, Fabiano Gonçalves ; De Jesus, Lázaro Wender Oliveira ; Cassel, Mônica ; Batlouni, Sergio Ricardo ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; State University of Northern Paraná ; Federal University of Alagoas ; Science and Technology ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)The brain-pituitary-gonadal axis (BPG-axis) plays an important role in gametogenesis in teleosts as well as in other vertebrates, according to data well established in the literature. On the other hand, the study of the endocrine control of reproduction in fish has acquired special importance in recent years for representing the possibility of specific intervention in favor of endangered species, being able to favor the reproductive process of populations that, in general, suffer the consequences of environmental changes affecting inland waters nowadays. This chapter discusses different aspects of the PBG axis of South American teleosts, including the morphology of the pituitary gland, gonads, and gametes; the development of gametes throughout the reproductive cycle; and the hormonal control of gametogenesis. It also addresses the most important known aspects of neuroendocrine reproduction control.ItemCapítulo de livro Stress and immune system in fish(2019-01-01) Urbinati, Elisabeth Criscuolo ; Zanuzzo, Fábio Sabbadin ; Biller, Jaqueline Dalbello ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)The chapter presents the current knowledge about the organization and mechanisms of stress response in fish, and explores the factors that modulate the immune system during this response. In addition, the chapter discusses some strategies to reduce stress and combat pathogens, mainly with emphasis on Neotropical fish, as well as advances and future perspectives. Lastly, it helps us to have a better understanding of the complex neuroimmunoendocrine system and applications for fish production.ItemCapítulo de livro A New Amazonian Species of Adenomera (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Brazilian State of Pará: A Tody-Tyrant Voice in a Frog(2019-02-07) De Carvalho, Thiago R. ; Giaretta, Ariovaldo A. ; Angulo, Ariadne ; Haddad, Célio F.B. ; Peloso, Pedro L.V. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) ; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) ; IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group ; Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) ; American Museum of Natural HistoryLeptodactylid frogs are phenotypically diverse, widely distributed across the Neotropics, and are known to harbor high levels of cryptic species diversity. This is especially true in Adenomera, where several candidate species have been recognized in a genetics-based study. Here we describe a new Amazonian species of Adenomera, which corresponds to one of the lineages previously identified as a candidate species (sp. F). Adenomera phonotriccus, n. sp., differs from all 18 recognized congeners by its unique advertisement call. Moreover, this species can be distinguished from nearly all congeners (except A. cotuba and A. lutzi) in having antebrachial tubercles on the undersides of its forearms. The distribution of A. phonotriccus seems to be restricted to the Araguaia-Xingu interfluve, in the eastern portion of the Brazilian state of Pará. Additional sampling effort on the right margin of the Araguaia River and along the Xingu River drainage should clarify the distribution of A. phonotriccus and perhaps result in the discovery of additional undescribed species of Adenomera in a region with high biological diversity.ItemCapítulo de livro Histology and histochemistry of the testes in two Amazonian apple snails(2017-01-01) Paschoal, Lucas Rezende Penido ; de Oliveira, Leo Jaime Filgueira ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)This chapter describes the morphology of the testes, types of spermatozoa, and spermatogenesis in freshwater apple snails Pomacea dolioides and P. diffusa using histological and histochemical analyses. The testes and penises were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and processed according to the historesin routine for light microscopy. In these gastropods, the lumen of each acinus contains spermatogenic cells and mature sperm, which are distributed in a centripetal pattern surrounded by Sertoli-cells located at the acinus wall. We also observed the predominance of fusiform-shape apyrene (A) spermatozoa in the lumen of these structures, while in a lesser proportion of the eupyrene (E) wormlike-shape spermatozoa were commonly arranged near the walls of the acini. The two types of spermatozoa were intensely stained for proteins in their heads, but only the flagella of apyrene spermatozoa exhibited a strong reaction to PAS, indicating that these structures probably store glycogen. Spermatogenesis occurs in testicular acini, but no spermatozoa were registered in the penises analysed, indicating that the process of its release to the testicular acini occurs only at the final stage ofcopulation. In both species, the proportion of E/A spermatozoa was biased toward apyrenes (~1:2). The histological and histochemical patterns here recorded are similar to those observed for congeners, although the E/A spermatozoa ratio was not similar.ItemCapítulo de livro Aquaculture of neotropical catfish hybrids: Genetic strategies for conservation and management(2014-01-01) Hashimoto, Diogo Teruo ; do Prado, Fernanda Dotti ; Senhorini, José Augusto ; Foresti, Fausto ; Porto-Foresti, Fábio ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) ; ICMBioIn general, aquaculture and fish farming cause negative impacts on the environment and wild fish populations. One of the major problems is the escape of farmed fish, especially exotic species, which can alter the population dynamics and ecology of wild stocks. Therefore, the reduction or even extinction of natural stocks may occur through predation and/or competition for resources. Furthermore, through gene introgression, interspecific hybrids of Neotropical catfish species have caused genetic contamination and threatened the genetic integrity of natural populations. These fish are produced and cultivated in aquaculture for several reasons, including the peculiarities of induced breeding of certain species, acceptance on the consumer market, and, mainly, the characteristics generated by hybrid vigor, such as better performance rates, resistance to pathogens and management, and color patterns, among other factors. Several species of Neotropical catfish have been used for interspecific hybridization programs, such as the species of Pimelodidae Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, Leiarius marmoratus and Phractocephalus hemioliopterus. However, these animals have been traded and handled erroneously by the aquaculture industry because their morphological identification is unreliable and impractical. Consequently, catfish hybrids can be introduced into the natural environment. The major risk is the fertility of these hybrids, particularly the hybrid cachapinta (female P. reticulatum x male P. corruscans), which may cause atypical crosses with wild fish and generate genetic contamination. In order to monitor the production and provide standards for the correct handling of catfish hybrids, the use of molecular/genetic markers has become an excellent tool to resolve the problem of morphological identification. In this chapter, we will discuss the applications of genetic approaches as strategies for conservation and proper management of interspecific catfish hybrids in aquaculture. Genetic methods should be applied in the context of a specific monitoring program for brood stock, trade of juvenile hybrids and for wild stocks in the natural environment. The expected result is the implementation of the concept of sustainable development, i.e., to increase the production of fish for human consumption while concurrent conservation measures reduce the risks generated by the aquaculture industry.ItemCapítulo de livro Genetics of large pimelodidae catfishes: Contributions for ecology and conservation(2014-01-01) do Prado, Fernanda Dotti ; Hashimoto, Diogo Teruo ; Senhorini, José Augusto ; Foresti, Fausto ; Porto-Foresti, Fábio ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) ; ICMBioPimelodidae catfishes, also identified as long-whiskered catfishes, are endemic of the Neotropical region, occurring in Central and South America hydrographic basins. This group of fishes presents a high diversity in body size that ranges from millimeters to more than 2 meters, and a wide variety of colors and skin pigmentations. Large pimelodids are high appreciated as food resources in fisheries and/or as aquaculture product throughout several countries of South America, such as some species of the genus Brachyplatystoma and Pseudoplatystoma. They realize long distance migratory movements during their reproductive period and play an important ecological role as carnivore predators. Several biological aspects are still scarce for most pimelodids, and the majority of species has no conservation status in the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). Anthropogenic interferences, as overfishing and dams that difficult their migratory reproduction has caused serious environmental impacts, placing at risk their wild populations. Genetics is an essential tool for conservation providing important data concerning to genetic diversity levels, species identification and inferences about ecology and population dynamics of several fish groups. Information about genetic diversity within populations may indicate recent negative effects of human interferences, as decreasing of allelic diversity or inbreeding. Genetic structure also may provide important data regarding to genetic differences between populations, as well as to contribute in studies of migration movements and homing behavior of these large catfishes. Furthermore, DNA markers have an extensive contribution to management and monitoring programs, as well as in the establishment of conservation areas or ESUs (Evolutionarily Significant Units). In this chapter, we addressed to some aspects of molecular DNA markers, their applications in populational, taxonomic and ecological genetic studies, and some actions for genetic conservation of large Pimelodidae species from South America.ItemCapítulo de livro Effect of light intensity on the aggressiveness and oxidative stress in female cichlid Tilapia Rendalli(2014-10-01) Carvalho, T. B. ; Mendes, C. C. ; De Almeida, E. A. ; Gonçalves-de-Freitas, E. ; Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)Physical changes due to degradation or handling to provide improvements in animal husbandry usually modify the aquatic environment and, one of the environmental variables that can be changed is the luminance. Increased light intensity, for instance, can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause molecular damage to cellular structures with consequent functional impairment and loss of vital functions. Additionally, increased light intensity affects aggressiveness in territorial fish, leading to different levels of social stress, which can increase the effects of oxidative stress and ROS activity. Thus, the aim of this chapter was to test the influence of light intensity on the agonistic behavior and oxidative stress in female of Tilapia rendalli. We compared two treatments referred here as low (253.56 ± 62.25 lx) and high light intensity (1435.92 ± 481.40 lx), each one under two conditions: 1. Social Condition, : where animals were isolated for 96 h and paired (resident-intruder paradigm) for 1 h;. and 2. Isolation Condition (baseline) where: fish were isolated for 96 h. The latency to first fighting and for hierarchical settlement was similar in the two light intensities, but the high light intensity decreased the frequency of attacks and displays in winner fish. On the other hand, there was no difference between the frequencies of aggressive events displayed by loser in both treatments. Catalase did not differ between the two intensity or conditions for all animals. Thus, the light intensity reduces the aggressive interactions, and this influence is related to social rank in female of T. rendalli. However, the effects of aggressive interactions were not translated into variations of catalase, showing that oxidative stress is not associated to such a behavioral or environmental modifications.