Artigos - Petrologia e Metalogenia - IGCE

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://hdl.handle.net/11449/25145

Navegar

Agora exibindo 1 - 20 de 548

TEMPORAL EVALUATION OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN RIO CLARO-SP
(2022-04-12) Blasius, Jandir Pereira ; Dos Santos, Paulo Henrique ; de MORAES, Renata Xavier Lona ; de TOLEDO, André Corrêa ; Garcia, Marcelo Loureiro ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Considering the importance of water and the influence of human actions on the degradation of water resources, the present work aimed to evaluate temporally the quality of surface water and the sewage treatment system in the municipality of Rio Claro-SP. The water quality was evaluated at five monitoring points as well as the effluents from the Sewage Treatment Stations (STS): Flores and Conduta. The results were compared to the standards established by CONAMA Resolutions nº. 357/2005 and nº. 430/2011, CETESB Board Decision nº. 112/2013/E and State Decree nº. 8,468/1976. The historical analysis revealed that the parameters: turbidity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonia nitrogen and chlorophyll-a met the limits established by the Legislation. Meanwhile, electrical conductivity, BOD, Escherichia coli, total phosphorus, dissolved aluminum and iron and total manganese contents showed nonconformities. Regarding sewage treatment, the effluents from the STS studied complied with the Legislation for the indicators of BOD, pH and settling solids and showed high efficiency in removing BOD (> 80%) and COD (> 77%). In general, the evaluation of water quality indices revealed a strong correlation between soil characteristics, location and economic activities developed in the region.
Environmental applications of 210Po and 210Pb in the Brazilian Amazon and other sites
(2018-07-17) Bonotto, Daniel Marcos ; De Lima, Jorge Luis Nepomuceno ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; UNIR (Federal University of Rondônia)
210Po is an intermediary member of the natural mass number (4n+2) 238U decay series that finishes at a stable 206Pb, according to the sequence: 238U (4.49 Ga, a) ® 234Th(24.1 d, b-) ® 234Pa (1.18 min, b- ) ® 234U (0.248 Ma, a) ® 230Th (75.2 ka, a) ® 226Ra (1622 a, a) ® 222Rn (3.83 d, a) ® 218Po (3.05 min, a) ® 214Pb (26.8 min, b-) ® 214Bi (19.7 min, b-) ® 214Po (0.16 ms, a) ® 210Pb (22.26 a, b-) ® 210Bi (5 d, b-) ® 210Po (138 d, a) ® 206Pb. The 238U descendants are produced continuously in rocks and minerals, since uranium is among the main elements contributing to natural terrestrial radioactivity. It is a lithophile element that is concentrated preferentially in acidic igneous rocks compared with intermediate, basic, and ultrabasic varieties. Some 210Po atoms escape the rocks and soils to the surrounding fluid, such as groundwater during interactions between the liquid and solid phases. Both 210Pb and 210Po in water are well-documented radionuclides for health risks, as WHO has proposed a guidance level of 0.1 Bq/L for the activity concentration in drinking water in order to not exceed the reference dose level of the committed effective dose equal to 0.1 mSv from one year of consumption. Analyses of most natural waters have shown that 210Po is present at very low activities, usually even lower than its insoluble precursor, 210Pb. 210Pb is a particle-reactive radionuclide readily removed from the water column through adsorption onto particulate forms of matter and their coatings (organic or Fe-Mn oxides). Numerous studies have utilized 210Pb derived from 210Po-data as a chronometer for sediment accumulation and mixing in lakes, estuaries, marshes, and coastal areas, since they have provided a reliable dating method over the last 100-150 years. The importance of the Amazon area to sustain the global equilibrium in the environment has been recognized worldwide. This has been much more accentuated presently due to the intense debate related to global warming. Consequently, all initiatives/studies directed to a better knowledge/management of that huge environment are welcome and needed. This book is a contribution to this task, which presents a revision of a 210Pb and 210Po database in the Brazilian Amazon area and in sediments providing from different hydrographic basins in São Paulo, Brazil.
Hydrochemistry and weathering at Pardo River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil
(2023-05-01) Bonotto, Daniel Marcos ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
This work was conducted at the Pardo River hydrographic basin, which is a federal watershed belonging to the Paranapanema River hydrographic basin (PRHB) in Brazil (São Paulo State and Paraná State). The aim was to realize an integrated hydrochemical and radiometric (U-isotopes and 210Po) approach, highlighting the water/soil-rock and surface water/groundwater interactions, with implications to the weathering processes occurring there. The study area has been often considered one of the best preserved/unpolluted river in São Paulo State, contributing to the water supply of several cities distributed along its banks. However, the results reported here suggest possible lead diffuse pollution caused by the use of phosphate fertilizers in agricultural activities taking place in the basin. The analyzed groundwaters and surface waters tend to be neutral to slightly alkaline (pH of 6.8–7.7), possessing low mineral concentration (total dissolved solids up to 500 mg/L). SiO2 is the major dissolved constituent in the waters, while bicarbonate is the dominant anion, and calcium is the preponderant cation. The effects of the weathering of silicates to control the dissolution of constituents in the liquid phase have been identified from some diagrams often utilized in hydrogeochemical studies. Chemical weathering rates have been estimated from hydrochemical data associated to analytical results of the natural uranium isotopes 238U and 234U concerning to samples of rainwater and Pardo River waters. The fluxes in this watershed are permitted to obtain the following rates: 11.43 t/km2 year (sodium), 2.76 t/km2 year (calcium), 3.17 t/km2 year (magnesium), 0.77 t/km2 year (iron), and 8.64 t/km2 year (uranium). This new dataset constitutes valuable information for people engaged on the management of the Pardo River watershed, as well as to researchers interested on comparative studies considering the available data from other basins worldwide.
MORPHOSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE ITANHAÉM RIVER WATERSHED, SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL
(2022-01-01) Cigagna, Cristiano ; Jiménez-Rueda, Jairo Roberto ; Bonotto, Daniel Marcos ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
This research comprises the use of remote sensing products in the characterization of the natural susceptibility to erosion of the Itanhaém river watershed and its major tributaries, through morphostructural analysis. The method proved to be effective in mapping areas that are naturally sensitive to erosion, even when applied to different work scales. The most susceptible sectors are found upstream of the basin and mainly cover drainage areas of the rivers Mambú and Branco, where regions with the greatest vulnerability stand out. Another relevant aspect is that river follows its course embedded in an important shear zone, the Cubatão Fault. The discussion about the relationships between morphostructures and their altimetry is of great relevance for the analysis of the physical environment and to understanding the physiology of the landscape, as well for a more adequate indication of land use and occupation, as well the study of natural vulnerability.
EVOLUTION OF THE SAIVAL GRANITIC STOCK ROCKS FROM TRÊS CORREGOS BATOLITH, SOUTH OF SÃO PAULO STATE
(2022-01-01) Vieira, Otávio Augusto Ruiz Paccola ; Godoy, Antonio Misson ; Duarte, Nicolli Ochi ; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The Saival Granitic Stock rocks are located in the extreme southwest of São Paulo state, inserted in the Araçaíba Topographic Map region, 1:50.000 scale, in the municipality of Apiaí. The igneous lithotypes are intrusive and associated with the Barra do Chapéu Granite rocks, which are a part of the zone distribution and evolution of the Três Córregos Batholith. They are associated with the Neoproterozoic granite genesis evolution of the Apiaí Terrain. These rocks are intrusive in lithotypes of the Água Clara Formation metavolcanosedimentary unit, of Meso-to Neoproterozoic age of the Açungui Supergroup. The stock rocks are distributed in approximately 65 km², with a slightly elongated shape in the NNE-SSW direction, showing tectonic contacts and marked by the interference of the Conceição do Herval and Barra do Chapéu faults, in addition to Saival fault, in the NW-SE direction. These rocks are characterized by pink porphyritic biotite monzogranite facies, gray inequi-to equigranular monzogranite facies and pink equigranular syenogranite and alkali granite facies, in addition to pegmatitic rocks and late aplites. Chemically, they are high potassium calc-alkaline granitic rocks, predominantly peraluminous. These are I type granites, generated in a syn-to post-collisional environment, from the fusion of rocks from the lower crust and associated with the construction of the Ribeira Magmatic Arc correlated to the collisional event of the Ribeira Orogenesis.
CONTRIBUTION OF NATURAL URANIUM ISOTOPES TO THE STUDY OF GROUNDWATER FLOW
(2021-01-01) Mancini, Luís Henrique ; Bonotto, Daniel Marcos ; Universidade de Brasília (UnB) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Uranium is a lithophile element that is preferentially concentrated in acid rather than basic/ultrabasic igneous rocks. Its average crustal abundance corresponds to 2.5 µg/g, composed of two primary isotopes, 238U (~99.3%) and 235U (~0.7%). Despite the technological importance of 235U, as it is the fissile isotope that is the basis of nuclear energy production, it appears that its contribution as a natural source of radioactivity is small, since the specific activity of 238U is about 20 times greater than 235U. Isotopes 238U and 235U are progenitors of radioactive decay series, the greater number of descendants corresponding to 238U, many of which possessing a long half-life, such as 234U formed in the 238U decay series from the following sequence: 238U (4.49 Ga, α) → 234Th (24.1 days, β-) → 234Pa (1.18 min, β-) → 234U (248 ka, α) →... Both 238U and 234U are emitters of alpha particles and, in groundwater, the assessment of the extent of radioactive imbalance between these uranium isotopes has allowed the development of numerous studies of hydrogeological interest since the 1960’s. The main mechanisms that explain such disequilibrium are the 234U selective leaching relatively to 238U from the crystalline lattice of minerals and alpha recoil that introduces 234Th into the liquid phase, which forms 234Pa by beta decay, radionuclide that produces 234U, also by beta decay, causing 234U-enrichment in groundwaters, i.e., 234U/238U activity ratios greater than unity. These ratios, together with the dissolved uranium concentration, have been extensively utilized in hydrological applications, such as those described in this paper.
CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY OF SEDIMENTS FROM ALAMBARI RIVER, SÃO JOSÉ DOS CAMPOS, SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL: IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL AND OIL REFINERY ACTIVITIES
(2022-01-01) Bonotto, Daniel Marcos ; Massari, João Pedro ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Several studies in Nuclear Geophysics have adopted the210Pb chronological method to determine sedimentation rates in hydrographic basins. In this paper, such technique was utilized to investigate sediments collected from the Alambari River, located in the vicinity of the Henrique Lage Refinery (Revap-Petrobras), in the municipality of São José dos Campos, São Paulo State, Brazil. This study was carried out in order to observe the potential anthropic influences of the refinery on the Alambari River sediments. For the collected sediments, analysis including loss on ignition (LOI), grain size, chemical composition, and sedimentation rates/sediment age were carried out, in this case, adopting the210Pb Constant Rate of Supply (CRS) model. The average sedimentation rate varied between 0.363 g/cm².year and 1.68 g/cm².year. Silica was identified as the main constituent in all three sediment cores analyzed in this study, with average concentrations of 41.63-82.58% and was correlated inversely with aluminum, iron and titanium, among other oxides. The X-ray fluorescence spectrometry also allowed identifying the presence of elements that could be associated with petroleum and its derivatives, such as palladium, nickel and vanadium, possibly indicating the contamination of sediments of the Alambari River by effluents or leaks due to the refinery's activities.
Transtensional tectonics during the Gondwana breakup in northeastern Brazil: Early Cretaceous paleostress inversion in the Araripe Basin
(2023-01-05) Rosa, Milena Cristina ; Morales, Norberto ; Assine, Mario Luis ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Intraplate deformation during the Mesozoic breakup of West Gondwana predominantly occurred along major ancient lithospheric discontinuities. The Precambrian Patos Shear Zone (PASZ) is an inherited lithospheric discontinuity in the interior of northeastern Brazil which is closely linked to the evolution of the Araripe Basin. In this study, unlike previous interpretations of purely extensional tectonics, we conducted stratigraphic and structural field mapping as well as paleostress reconstruction to demonstrate the role of intraplate transtensional tectonics during the Araripe Basin evolution. Limited to the north by the PASZ and associated with sinistral reactivation, a set of normal to oblique NE–SW faults constituting a transtensional horsetail structure generated the initial basin geometry. Stratigraphic records of this rift phase comprise the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Brejo Santo, Missão Velha, and Abaiara formations. Paleostress reconstruction showed a NE–SW/subhorizontal σ1 axis, a vertical σ2 axis, and a NW–SE/subhorizontal σ3 axis, resulting in a sinistral transtensional tectonic regime, which was mainly governed by intraplate processes that reflected the opening of the Brazilian East Margin. The subsequent Aptian post-rift early phase was characterized by NE–SW reverse faults and a succession of normal to oblique normal faults striking NW–SE to WNW–ESE. This fault arrangement generated a new NW–SE transtensional basin, which controlled the Barbalha Formation and modified and partially preserved the previous NE-SW transtensional basin. Paleostress reconstruction showed a NW–SE/subhorizontal σ1 axis and NE–SW/subhorizontal σ3 axis for strike-slip faults but NE–SW extension for normal faults. This is related to a second dextral reactivation of the PASZ following propagation of intraplate stress during the opening of the Brazilian Equatorial Margin. In summary, tectonic evolution of the Araripe Basin was strongly influenced by stress propagation from the Gondwana breakup into intraplate settings, with two distinct reactivations of the PASZ pre-existing basement structures which results in a paleostress inversion during basin evolution.
Ocean fracture zones: their evolution and impact on tectonic and magmatism of the South and Southeast Brazilian continental margin
(2021-01-01) Alves, Eliane C. ; Araujo, Rogério S. ; Ramos, Edmarley C. ; Maia, Márcia ; Santos, Anderson Costa dos ; Hackspacher, Peter Christian ; Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) ; University of Western Brittany ; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Consideration of Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic and magmatic activities of the South and Southeast Brazilian continental margin shows that fracture zones (FZs) had a fundamental role in the forming the South Atlantic during the formation of the oceanic plate between the early Cretaceous and Cenozoic. FZs have the most significant morphotectonic and magmatic characteristics, identified from north to south as the Santa Helena FZ, Vitória Trindade FZ, Martin Vaz FZ, Rio de Janeiro FZ, and Rio Grande FZ. We compiled a set of geological and geophysical data, including bathymetry, gravimetry (free air, vertical gravity gradient, and geoidal), and magnetometry (magnetic and isochronous anomalies), associated with the reflection seismic from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (its transforming characteristics) and its extensions in oceanic and continental crusts. This integration allowed an elaboration of hypotheses about the influence of mechanisms in the oceanic and continental crusts, and the influence on tectonic and magmatic segmentation in the continental margin and on the adjacent continental border beyond breakup spreading from south to north in three stages: (1) 122-125Ma, (2) 125-118Ma, and (3) 118-116Ma, physically separated by oceanic FZs. The width of the stretched and strongly intruded continental crust also showed an increase in three stages in the same direction and the same FZ. Consequently, the Continental-Oceanic Boundary showed three stages of marked changes from west to east and from south to north, resulting in margin segmentation. Rifting also spread from west to east, toward the final division, in each of these three defined segments.
Uplift and subsidence of the RGR: U-Th/He in apatite and EPFT in zircon
(2021-01-01) Hackspacher, Peter Christian ; Venancio da Silva, Bruno ; Constantino, Renata Regina ; Françoso de Godoy, Daniel ; Siqueira Ribeiro, Marli Carina ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) ; Lamont-Doherty Columbia University
The Rio Grande Rise (RGR) has key importance for the understanding of the South Atlantic Ocean opening and the evolution associated with lithospheric plate margins. Here we review the last 100 years of scientific work regarding the RGR history and also bring new insights on its evolution based on apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology. We have analyzed basalt fragments sampled across the RGR NW-SE rift structure. The samples were dredged during the Rio Grande Rise Project (PROERG) expedition in 2011 from the Brazilian Geological Survey (CPRM). The RGR is interpreted as part of a tectono-sedimentary evolution that extends from the first basaltic flows in the Santonian-Coniacian, until the tectonic reactivations of the South Atlantic Plate, affecting the most recent sediments. The AHe method results address to the continuous reactivation from Late Cretaceous to Neogene and is consistent with a microplate boundary environment.
A hydromechanical FEM fracturing simulator under the leak-off phenomenon perspective
(2023-01-01) Roseno, Karina Tamião de Campos ; Poli, Renato ; Cleto, Pedro Rogério ; Carrion, Ronaldo ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; Petróleo Brasileiro S.A ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Carter’s model of fluid loss is used in the oil and gas industry performing the numerical approach of leak-off. Its deduction applies some simplifying assumptions, such as the difference between fluid pressure and constant pore pressure and filtration process approximation to a unidirectional flow, perpendicular to the fracture plane. For this paper, the so-called Chimas is an hydromechanical simulator of oil reservoirs, fully coupled and implicit, in a way that considers the poroelastic effects on the propagation of fractures. The leak-off process is explicitly treated in the fracture boundary conditions using Darcy’s law. The objective of this work is to validate the filtration phenomenon of Chimas hydromechanical simulator comparing the parameters of length, width and injection pressure with those obtained using an iterative method implemented in MatLab and which includes Carter’s analytical equation. Numerical accuracy was validated against asymptotic analytical solutions. The agreement between the iterative method and the analytical solutions was particularly good in relation the length fracture and injection pressure.
Synthetic Slowness Shear Well-Log Prediction Using Supervised Machine Learning Models
(2023-01-01) Tamoto, Hugo ; Contreras, Rodrigo Colnago ; Santos, Franciso Lledo dos ; Viana, Monique Simplicio ; Gioria, Rafael dos Santos ; Carneiro, Cleyton de Carvalho ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Faculty or Architecture and Engineering ; Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar)
The shear slowness well-log is a fundamental feature used in reservoir modeling, geomechanics, elastic properties, and borehole stability. This data is indirectly measured by well-logs and assists the geological, petrophysical, and geophysical subsurface characterization. However, the acquisition of shear slowness is not a standard procedure in the well-logging program, especially in mature fields that have a limited logging scope. In this research, we propose to develop machine learning models to create synthetic shear slowness well-logs to fill this gap. We used standard well-log features such as natural gamma-ray, density log, neutron porosity, resistivity logs, and compressional slowness as input data to train the models, and successfully predicted a synthetic shear slowness well-log. Additionally, we created five supervised models using Neural Networks, AdaBoost, XGBoost, and CatBoost algorithms. Among all models created, the neural network algorithm provided the most optimized model, using multi-layer perceptron architecture reaching impressive scores as R 2 of 0.9306, adjusted R 2 of 0.9304, and MSE less than 0.0694.
P-T-t reconstruction of a coesite-bearing retroeclogite reveals a new UHP occurrence in the Western Gondwana margin (NE-Brazil)
(2023-06-01) Gomes, Nádia Borges ; dos Santos, Ticiano José Saraiva ; Tedeschi, Mahyra ; Galante, Douglas ; Luvizotto, George Luiz ; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) ; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) ; University of Bern ; Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks of the West Gondwana Orogen are the earliest evidence of deep subduction on Earth. The West Gondwana Orogen resulted from the closure of the Pharusian-Goianides Ocean in the Late Neoproterozoic, leading to the formation of the Santa Quitéria Continental Magmatic Arc (SQCMA) in NE Brazil and the Forquilha Eclogitic Zone, located on the western margin of the SQCMA, suggesting subduction from W to E. This research investigated and reports the occurrence of a coesite-bearing eclogite on the eastern margin of SQCMA, bringing new insights into the regional tectonic evolution of the West Gondwana Orogen. Although extensively retrogressed during exhumation, the coesite-bearing eclogite still records UHP conditions. The multiple stages of the pressure-temperature path were reconstructed by combining textural relationships, integrating symplectite domains in compositional maps, phase equilibrium modeling and Zr-in-rutile thermometry. The pressure peak is estimated at 35.8 ± 5.2 kbar, reached at a temperature from 700 ± 15 °C to 804 ± 15 °C. Retrogression formed symplectite and corona textures at ca. 18 kbar and 760–860 °C. Our results indicate a clockwise P-T path that is characterized by a nearly isothermal decompression associated with a slight temperature increase after the baric peak, followed by decompression and cooling. Geochronological data indicate that the UHP rocks were metamorphosed in the Brasiliano/Panafrican orogenic event during the Western Gondwana amalgamation in the Neoproterozoic. Remnants of intra-oceanic arcs were described at the SQCMA eastern margin. We propose two main tectonic models for the evolution of these rocks: i) double subduction with convergent polarities to E-SE and W-NW, which can be correlated to the scenario proposed to the Hoggar belt in NW Africa and is also supported by geophysical data, and ii) exhumation of the eclogite as a diapir in the mantle wedge.
Environmental sensitivity index maps to manage oil spill risks: A review and perspectives
(2023-05-15) D'Affonseca, Fernando Mazo ; Vieira Reis, Fábio Augusto Gomes ; Corrêa, Claudia Vanessa dos Santos ; Wieczorek, Arthur ; Giordano, Lucilia do Carmo ; Marques, Mara Lúcia ; Rodrigues, Flávio Henrique ; Costa, Daiana Marques ; Kolya, André de Andrade ; Veiga, Vinicius Mendes ; Santos, Sarah Félix ; Magalhães, Laila Milani ; Gatto, Isadora Torres ; Riedel, Paulina Setti ; FMD Geologia Aplicada ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Environmental sensitivity index (ESI) maps and data are employed worldwide to prepare contingency planning and responses for oil spills. The ESI approach has been successfully applied for various marine and continental shorelines, terrestrial pipelines, and roads. Originally, ESI maps were configured as printed cartographic products. With the incorporation of geographic information systems (GIS), ESI maps gained a digital perspective, allowing static correlations between biological and socioeconomic parameters through various operations and methods. Recently, ESI and simulation approaches have been combined to develop quantitative risk assessments, and artificial intelligence and deep learning algorithms support integrated classifications of sensitivity indices. Although challenging, valuations and vulnerability aspects, such as seasonal and multidimensional approaches, should be considered in ESI maps, as well as the integration of monitoring, detection, decision, and response systems. By incorporating dynamic systems into the approach, ESI maps become a social and environmental sensitivity system (SESS). This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the development of the ESI concept and to identify and propose future directions.
A comparative hydrochemical study of bottled mineral waters
(2020-05-01) Bonotto, Daniel Marcos ; Roveratti, Gabrielle ; Eslamian, Saeid ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Claretiano Faculdade ; Isfahan University of Technology
In the last few decades, the consumption of natural drinking water, either spring or mineral (bottled or not), increased in several countries. Despite drinking water being mostly used as the tap water accessible in every household, many people believe that naturally occurring waters are healthy and/or can be utilized for health remedies, thus, exhibiting better quality than the tap water. Additionally, economic reasons have also favored their use as bottled waters therefore widely increasing the commercialization of mineral waters. Thermal and mineral waters use in Brazil is not recent due to arrival of European immigrants, mainly from Portugal. The construction of thermal and non-thermal spas for therapeutic and leisure purposes reached a maximum number in the 1930s and 1950s, mainly at São Paulo (SP) and Minas Gerais (MG) states. The Brazilian Code of Mineral Waters (BCMW) was established in this time, under French influence, by Register 7841 published on 8 August 1945. The BCMW classifies the mineral and potable waters for uses in spas and bottling purposes. There are several parameters considered by the BCMW, for instance, the radioactivity due to dissolved 222Rn and 220Rn. EuroGeoSurveys (The Geochemistry Group of the European Geological Surveys) managed a common European sampling campaign of bottled mineral and spring waters (analysis of 884 samples for more than 70 chemical parameters in one laboratory) whose results were published in 2010. The hydrogeochemical study held within the framework of the project involved different approaches like analytical techniques, major constituents, trace elements, radionuclides, stable isotopes, mapping, waters classification, statistical treatment of hydrochemical data, human health, etc. This chapter reports a comparative hydrochemical study of mineral waters bottled in different countries based on Brazilian and international guidelines with the aim of increasing the information generated by EuroGeoSurveys.
36Cl contribution for dating groundwaters from the Guarani Aquifer System
(2020-05-01) Bonotto, Daniel Marcos ; Fifield, Leslie Keith ; Eslamian, Saeid ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Australian National University ; Isfahan University of Technology
The field of groundwater age dating nowadays considers a groundwater sample not as water that recharged the flow regime at a point in the past, but as a mixture of waters that have resided in the subsurface for varying lengths of time. This recognition resolves longstanding inconsistencies encountered in age dating and suggests new ways to carry out age dating studies. Groundwater age dating takes advantage of the known decay rates of radioactive isotopes, the timing of the introduction into the atmosphere of isotopes from nuclear testing or reactors, or the history of the release of manufactured gases to estimate the age of a groundwater sample. 36Cl has properties which make it suitable for the study of confined groundwaters. Its long half-life (301 ka) and the fact that chloride is not removed from solution by mineral interaction or secondary mineral formation would, in principle, permit the estimation of very long groundwater residence times. This chapter reports the use of the 36Cl method for estimating the groundwater residence time in the northern part of the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) in Brazil. It underlies 1.2M km2 in the Paraná sedimentary basin of South America and is an important source of water for industry, agriculture and domestic supplies. The isotopic database was set after collecting and analyzing rainfall and groundwater samples coming from São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul states, helping to understand the dynamics of this groundwater system and its sustainability. The ages varied between 43.8 ka and 2.0 Ma that exceed the range of 30-40 ka from the conventional 14C dating, thus, expanding the results obtained from previous work in the region, including other radio-isotope analyses.
Hydrochemical study at Águas de Santa Bárbara Spa, São Paulo State, Brazil
(2020-05-01) Bonotto, Daniel Marcos ; Roveratti, Gabrielle ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Claretiano Faculdade
The thermal and mineral waters use in Brazil is not recent due to arrival of European immigrants, mainly from Portugal. The construction of thermal and non-thermal spas for therapeutic and leisure purposes reached a maximum number in the 1930s and 1950s, mainly at São Paulo (SP) and Minas Gerais (MG) states. The Brazilian Code of Mineral Waters (BCMW) was established in this time, under French influence, by Register 7841 published on 8 August 1945. It classifies the mineral waters for spas and bottling uses, as well the potable waters for bottling, taking into account several parameters. According to temperature, the waters may be considered cold (<25°C), hypothermal (25-33°C), mesothermal (33-36°C), isothermal (36-38°C), and hyperthermal (>38°C). Other classes defined by the BCMW are: radiferous, radioactive, thoriferous, carbogaseous, bicarbonate-alkaline, earth-alkaline, sulfated, sulfured, nitrated, chlorinated and ferruginous. Águas de Santa Bárbara spa at São Paulo State is situated in the Paraná basin, a huge sedimentary area of southern Brazil, with extensions into Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Spring waters and deep tube wells have exploited groundwaters there from Bauru, Serra Geral and Botucatu formations of the Paraná sedimentary basin. Some waters have been bottled for drinking purposes, whereas other are used for bathing and health treatment in a spa constructed by the municipality of Águas de Santa Bárbara. In such case, the waters have been classified as hypothermal. This chapter reports a hydrochemical study focusing the waters in that spa, describing the analytical data obtained for major constituents, trace elements and dissolved radon with the aim of increasing the knowledge of that very important hydric resource for the municipality.
The consequences of debris flows in Brazil: a historical analysis based on recorded events in the last 100 years
(2023-03-01) Cabral, Victor ; Reis, Fábio ; Veloso, Vinicius ; Correa, Claudia ; Kuhn, Caiubi ; Zarfl, Christiane ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; University of Tübingen
This study aims at providing an overview of the socioeconomic consequences that debris-flow events have caused in Brazil, positioning the country in the international scenario and identifying areas where targeted actions are necessary. The analysis is conducted by calculating the debris-flow mortality rate (MR) and by using the so-called F-N plots (frequency of events that have caused N or more fatalities vs. the number of fatalities), based on a compilation of debris-flow-related disasters from 1920 to 2021. In total, 45 debris-flow events were documented in the considered period, responsible for 5771 fatalities and more than 5.5 billion USD in economic losses. The Serra do Mar Mountain Range is the main site of reported debris-flow occurrences (64.5%), followed by Serra da Mantiqueira (13.3%), and Serra Geral (13.3%). Southeast Brazil (SEB) is the region most affected by debris-flow events, due to the highest population density and the development of several cities in hilly areas, such as Petrópolis (Rio de Janeiro state) and Cubatão (São Paulo state). The debris-flow MR of SEB is higher than any other region in Brazil, pushing the national debris-flow MR upwards, and the F-N curve of SEB consolidates the region as the one with the highest risk to the phenomenon, indicating a higher probability of fatal events. The F-N plots further show that debris-flow events in Brazil represent a higher societal risk than in countries such as China, Japan and Italy. While there are differences in country size and the scale effect should be considered, these results highlight the urgent need for investments in disaster prevention and preparedness programs.
Evolution of public policies on natural disasters in brazil and worldwide
(2022-01-01) Kuhn, Caiubi E. S. ; Reis, Fábio A. G. V. ; DE OLIVEIRA, Vinicius G. ; Cabral, Victor C. ; Gabelini, Beatriz M. ; Veloso, Vinicius Q. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade de Tuebingen ; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
This work aims to carry out an analysis of the evolution of the civil defense protection policy in Brazil, as well as to present an overview of research related to public policies on natural disasters in the world. The research was developed by documentary analysis of Brazilian policies on the protection of civil defense and bibliometric analysis of the global data. The evolution of public policy on natural disasters in Brazil was divided into four different moments: a) military civil defense (1942-1946), b) disaster assistance policy (1967-1988), c) Civil Defense system in construction (1988-2005), and d) consolidation of the civil defense system (2005-to the present). The structuring of public policy reflected in 4 different stages in relation to the recording of information about disasters. Bibliometric analysis showed that the first works related to public civil defense policies in the world appeared only in 1980, and are mainly concentrated in the United States, which accounts for 42.56% of the works, while Brazil is the 6th country with 3.76% of global searches. Thus, it is possible to conclude that public policies and databases have a recent evolution both in Brazil and in the world, especially in developing countries.
Cousteaudinium aubryae (Dinophyceae, Cribroperidinioideae) from the lower to middle Miocene of the Pelotas Basin, southern Brazil: Morphology, biochronostratigraphy and paleobiogeography
(2023-01-01) Premaor, Eduardo ; Ferreira, Elizabete P. ; Guerstein, G. Raquel ; Souza, Paulo A. ; Arai, Mitsuru ; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul ; Petrobras/Cenpes ; Universidad Nacional del Sur ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
In this paper, we present a detailed morphological study of Cousteaudinium aubryae (de Verteuil and Norris, 1996) from Miocene deposits of the Pelotas Basin, southern Brazil. C. aubryae is a cyst of an autotrophic dinoflagellate with a great intraspecific morphological variability, evidenced by cavation type and degree, perforations and wall projections. Four morphotypes were identified, which are comparable with specimen records from other continents (e.g. North America and Europe). C. aubryae last occurred in the Pelotas Basin at levels chronocorrelated to the Helicosphaera ampliaperta calcareous nannofossil zone (N-570), suggesting age between Burdigalian and Langhian for the deposits of the Imbé and Cifreira formations. Integration of species records from different latitudes shows a paleobiogeographic distribution pattern predominantly in mid-latitudes, suggesting that C. aubryae was better adapted to non-tropical and no-polar climatic conditions during the early to mid Miocene.

Navegar

Submissões Recentes