Araraquara - FOAR - Faculdade de Odontologia

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://hdl.handle.net/11449/253796

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Cardiorespiratory interactions in health and disease
(2022-01-01) Zoccal, Daniel B. ; Machado, Benedito H. ; Moraes, Davi J.A. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Like dancers in perfect synchrony, the cardiovascular and respiratory systems perform their functions in a coordinated way. Rhythmical oscillations in arterial pressure and heart rate follow inspiration and expiration, contributing to optimizing tissue perfusion and gas exchange processes and supporting the emergence of appropriate cardiorespiratory responses in conditions of elevated metabolic demand. The cardiorespiratory interaction begins at the central nervous system level. The brainstem neurons responsible for breathing generation communicate with neurons that control sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, modulating their firing frequency. Changes in the strength and pattern of respiratory-autonomic interactions have been reported in experimental models of cardiovascular diseases, identifying the respiratory modulation of the cardiovascular function as a relevant therapeutical strategy to be considered in cardiovascular diseases.
Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update from the Environment to Clinics
(2022-01-01) de Oliveira, Haroldo Cesar ; de Paula e Silva, Ana Carolina Alves ; Marcos, Caroline Maria ; de Fátima da Silva, Julhiany ; Scorzoni, Liliana ; Assato, Patricia Akemi ; Rossi, Suélen Andreia ; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-PR) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Guarulhos University (UNG) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic mycosis of great importance in Latin America caused by dimorphic fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. Recent advances in the study of this mycosis reveal the Paracoccidioides genus as fungi that are difficult to treat and diagnose, with a great capacity to adapt and evade the environment of host cells, causing an invasive disease that is neglected in areas where it is endemic. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the fungi of this genus and the disease, bringing historical aspects and also the most recent advances in the study of this important mycosis, which has a great impact on public health in many countries in Latin America. This chapter will address issues such as the diversity of species of the Paracoccidioides genus, the thermal dimorphism, that allows the fungus to survive in the environment and the host, and its impact on the infectious process, virulence factors, and their relationship with the evasion capacity of the host immune system, as well as aspects associated with the disease such as clinical forms, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.
Central inhibitory mechanisms controlling water and sodium intake
(2009-01-01) Menani, José Vanderlei ; De Luca, Laurival Antonio ; de Paula, Patrícia Maria ; de Andrade, Carina Aparecida Fabrício ; de Oliveira, Lisandra Brandino ; da Silva, Daniela Catelan Ferreira ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Federal University of Ouro Preto ; Unifal-MG
Ingestion of sodium and/or water is controlled by excitatory mechanisms that involve stimuli like angiotensin II (ANG II), mineralocorticoids or hiperosmolarity acting on specific areas of the brain and by inhibitory mechanisms present in different central areas and involving different hormones and neurotransmitters that act to limit these behaviors. Recent studies have shown two important inhibitory mechanisms for the control of sodium and water intake: the inhibitory mechanism of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) and the alpha2 adrenergic mechanism located in forebrain areas. In the LPBN different neurotransmitters like serotonin, cholecystokinin, glutamate, corticotropinreleasing factor, GABA and opioid may modulate the inhibitory mechanism. Interactions between neurotransmitters in the LPBN, like the interdependence and cooperactivity between serotonin and cholecystokinin have also been demonstrated. In the forebrain, mixed alpha2-adrenergic and imidazoline receptor agonists, like clonidine and moxonidine, are the most effective to inhibit water and sodium intake induced by different stimuli. Inhibition of water or NaCl intake dependent on alpha2-adrenergic receptor activation has been demonstrated with injection of these drugs into the lateral ventricle (LV), septal area, lateral preoptic area, and lateral hypothalamus. Previous and unpublished results presented in this chapter have shown that: A) in normovolemic rats, moxonidine injected into the LV induced c-fos expression in the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT), ventral median preoptic nucleus (vMPN), paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, while in sodium depleted rats, moxonidine reduced c-fos expression in the OVLT and increases it in the dorsal MPN; B) moxonidine bilaterally injected into basal amygdala (BA) reduced sodium depletion-induced sodium intake, while no effects were observed injecting moxonidine into the central amygdala; C) moxonidine into the LV reduced water and sodium intake and hypertension induced by daily subcutaneous (sc) injection of deoxycorticosterone; D) moxonidine injected into the LV also reduced food intake-induced water intake, but did not change food deprivation-induced food intake, suggesting that inhibitory effects of moxonidine in the forebrain are not due to non specific inhibition of behaviors; E) contrary to the inhibitory effects produced by injections into the amygdala, LV or other forebrain areas, bilateral injections of moxonidine into the LPBN increases sodium intake.
Orthodontic and orthognathic planning using cone beam computed tomography
(2013-10-25) Cevidanes, Lucia H.S. ; Styner, Martin ; Paniagua, Beatriz ; Gonçalves, João Roberto ; University of Michigan School of Dentistry ; University of North Carolina ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Three-dimensional (3D) diagnostic assessment of facial morphology at baseline and overtime has the potential to allow effective and rational clinical decision making for orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients. This chapter discusses applications of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to diagnosis, treatment planning, and approaches to measure changes over time. Current applications of 3D CBCT imaging in orthodontics include evaluation of buccal and lingual plates of the alveolar bone, bone loss or formation, and bone depth and height. Even with the availability of 3D images, there are critical barriers such as radiation from CBCT acquisition, and quantitative measurements, that must be overcome before longitudinal quantitative assessment of the craniofacial complex can be routinely performed. Precise quantitative measurement is required to assess the placement of bones in the desired position, the bone remodeling, and the position of surgical cuts and fixation screws and/or plates relative to risk structures.
Oral candidiasis: Conventional and alternative treatment options
(2013-12-01) Vergani, C. E. ; Sanitá, P. V. ; Mima, E. G.O. ; Pavarina, A. C. ; Machado, A. L. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection that affects mainly oropharyngeal and vaginal mucosa, but can also be an invasive systemic and life-threatening disease (candidemia). Nowadays, disseminated candidiasis is highly associated with mortality, especially in immunocompromised and hospitalized patients. Among all candidal infections, oral candidiasis is the most common form and affects especially denture wearers and severe ill patients, such as those infected by HIV virus, under antibiotic or chemotherapy, and submitted to organ transplantation. Additionally, candidiasis is of great clinical importance in patients with the systemic disease Diabetes Mellitus. Clinically, this superficial infection may be characterized as erythematous lesions or white patches and, despite the fact that oral candidiasis is frequently asymptomatic, patients may complain of slight bleeding and swelling in the involved area, mucosal burning or other painful sensations. Usually, candidiasis has been treated with topical or systemic antifungal agents, such as those belonging to polyenes (nystatin, anphotericin B) or azoles, which are divided into imidazoles (clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole) and triazoles (fluconazole and itraconazole). A new class of antifungals, the echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin), is also clinically available. However, besides the side effects and high cost, the indiscriminate use of these agents, especially the azoles, has led to the development of fungal resistance. Although these antifungal drugs are aimed at treating the infection in the oral mucosa, it is widely known that strict oral hygiene and denture disinfection measures are crucial to the treatment of oral candidiasis. Thus, toovercome the limitations of these standard medications, the search for alternative therapies has directed the interest to physical methods of denture disinfection. In this context, the effectiveness of denture microwave disinfection has been demonstrated in several in vitro and in vivo studies. Another promising modality is the photodynamic therapy, which combines a photosensitizing agent with light of appropriate wavelength in the presence of oxygen, resulting in reactive species that are toxic to microbial cells. Moreover, immunotherapy, natural bioactive molecules, and vaccines have also been investigated. Based on the information given above, this book chapter will provide to the readers relevant and current scientific information about candidiasis. The topics that will be addressed are: oral candidal infection among healthy subjects, denture wearers, and immunocompromised patients; the frequent symptoms reported by infected individuals; and the available conventional and alternative treatment options for this common and clinically important disease.© 2013 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Osteomyelitis of the mandible
(2012-12-01) De Oliveira, Henrique Do Couto ; Gabrielli, Mario Francisco Real ; Gabrielli, Marisa Aparecida Cabrini ; Vieira, Eduardo Hochuli ; SeabraLouro, Rafael ; Filho, Valfrido Antonio Pereira ; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Private Practice ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Fluminense Federal University
Osteomyelitis (OM), by definition, is the inflammation of the bone marrow spaces. Current data points toward a process that involves not only the endosteum, but also the cortical plates and the periosteum. The incidence of OM has decreased due to the improvement on general health conditions, development of antimicrobial drugs and understanding of the etiopathogenic features. Immunosuppressive conditions or underlying bone pathologies are usually seen associated to the condition. Professionals still encounter a challenge when dealing with OM and, as the incidence of the disease decreases, so does the treatment experience of clinicians, thus the correct treatment must be done to accomplish predictable results. The mandible presents particularities mainly related to the oral environment with its distinct pathogens, different blood vessel distribution, presence of teeth and the thin mucosal lining constantly submitted to the action of trauma and foreign bodies. Therefore, treatment of mandibular OM differs from other bones. The purpose of this chapter is to review important aspects concerning the classification, etiopathogeny, diagnosis and treatment of the OM of the mandible added by the authors' experience on the issue. © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
The use of EDTA root conditioning in regenerative procedures of periodontal tissues
(2013-12-01) Zandim-Barcelos, Daniela Leal ; Sampaio, José Eduardo Cezar ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Periodontitis is a chronic destructive inflammatory disease caused by bacteria present in dental plaque. This condition induces the breakdown of tooth supporting apparatus, and the ultimate result of the untreated disease is tooth loss. The primary goal of periodontal therapy consists not only to arrest the tissue destruction caused by periodontal disease but also to regenerate the tooth supporting tissues, including alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum. Several procedures have been proposed to enhance regeneration of periodontal tissues, including chemical root surface conditioning. The concept of root conditioning has been based on the perceived need for decontamination of the root surface devoid of attachment apparatus and for exposure of collagen fibers. Periodontitis-affected root surfaces are hypermineralized and contaminated with bacteria and inflammation-inducing bacterial components, such as endotoxin. In addition, the smear layer formed during mechanical root instrumentation has been suggested to act as a physical barrier, inhibiting new connective tissue attachment to the root surface. Therefore, a number of varying pH agents have been used to eliminate the factors that render the root surface bioincompatible for periodontal tissues regeneration. Root conditioning with a neutral pH agent such as EDTA appeared to produce in a short-term perspective a more biocompatible surface compared to conditioning at low pH. Etching at low pH may induce an immediate necrosis while etching at neutral pH preserves the integrity of exposed collagen fibers and the vitality of the adjacent tissues. EDTA root conditioning removes the root surface-associated smear layer, widening dentinal tubule orifices, and exposing collagen matrix when it is applied after scaling and root planing. The aim of this article is to present an overview of the biological effects of EDTA conditioning for root surface modification and to discuss the use of this chemical agent in regenerative procedures of periodontal tissues. © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Periodontal Disease and Inflammation-Induced Bone Remodeling
(2013-04-05) Graves, Dana T. ; Rosenstein, Elliot D. ; Rossa, Carlos ; Fiorellini, Joseph P. ; University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine ; Mount Sinai School of Medicine ; Overlook Medical Center Summit ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; School of Dental Medicine
Dynamic models for in vitro biofilm formation
(2011-12-01) Pavarina, A. C. ; Dovigo, L. N. ; Sanitá, P. V. ; Machado, A. L. ; Giampaolo, E. T. ; Vergani, C. E. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Since biofilms are resistant both to host defense mechanisms and to antimicrobialagents, they represent an ongoing source of infection.Investigations of natural biofilmsare restricted because of problems with access and sampling, in addition to complicationsdue to ethical aspects.In vitro biofilm models are important tools in experimental medicalscience to better understand the development and behavior of such microbialcommunities.Laboratory models that intend to mimic natural biofilms may be morecontrollable than in vivo protocols and therefore more useful to explain and predict theirbehavior.In vitro systems range from static mono-cultures to the development of diversemixed cultures growing under dynamic conditions.Given that in vivo conditions arealmost exclusively dynamic, studies evaluating biofilm formation under static conditionsmight be somewhat misleading.One of the most used dynamic models to study biofilmmode of growth is the flow cell system, which consists of a transparent chamber of fixeddepth through which the growth medium passes.In conjunction with a microscope andcamera, this method can be used to observe the early events of biofilm formation(microbial adhesion) and the interactions between microorganisms and substrata in realtime.Chemostats can also be used to study the dynamic growth of microorganismpopulations on experimental substrates submerged within the chemostat.One of the mostimportant features of chemostats is that microorganisms can be grown at a constantrate.Moreover, during biofilm formation, culture parameters such temperature and pHremain constant.Analogous to the operation of the chemostat, there is another category ofreactors in which biofilms are formed on thin filter membranes in a physiological steadystate.These systems permitanalyses of the growth rate dependence and cell-cyclespecificity of antibacterial agents by collecting the eluate passed thought the filter, whichcontains a cohort of freshly divided cells.Finally, there are constant depth reactors in which surface growth is periodically removed to maintain a constant geometry ofbiofilms.In these reactors, microorganisms can be grown in a physiological steady statewith all culture parameters constant.The system can generate large numbers of biofilmswith comparable and reproducible data from experiment to experiment and has been usedextensively to investigate factors that may influence the growth of microorganismcommunities.Considering the information presented above, this chapter will explore therange of technologies and dynamic systems available for in vitro biofilm formation, development, and maturation. © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Human pulpal responses to peroxides
(2016-01-01) Soares, Diana Gabriela ; Hebling, Josimeri ; de Souza Costa, Carlos Alberto ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
It is known that most patients subjected to professional tooth bleaching report posttreatment hypersensitivity that varies from slight to intolerable. The pathway for tooth bleaching-induced sensitivity has been correlated with the capability of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the main active component of bleaching gels, to diffuse through enamel and dentin to reach the pulp tissue. Since H2O2is a toxic reactive oxygen species with a high oxidative power, it is expected that the contact of this molecule with the pulp tissue promotes oxidative cells damage leading to local connective infl ammation that trigger nociceptive stimulus. However, as this clinical symptom is transient, discussion about how relevant is this adverse collateral effect to the pulp-dentin complex remains. Then, in this chapter, the authors describe some relevant clinical and laboratorial data currently provided by a number of in vitro and in vivo studies in which traditional in-offi ce (professional) and at-home bleaching therapies were tested, as well as discuss alternative tooth bleaching protocols that may prevent or at least minimize the negative effects of these esthetic treatments to the pulp tissue vitality.
Immunological features protect against candida spp.
(2015-01-01) Spolidorio, Denise M. Palomari ; Francisconi, Renata Serignoli ; Spolidorio, Luís Carlos ; Rosa, Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) ; The Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná
The epithelial mucosa is an important component of the host immune defense and immune surveillance since it is the first layer that most microorganisms initially contact. The most important function of the immune system is to discriminate between self and nonself, a property that is essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. This specialized interaction results in passive coexistence of microorganisms with host, as in the case of commensal microorganisms, or a breach of the mucosa barrier and subsequent cell injury, as occurs during infection with microbial pathogens.
Complications from the use of peroxides
(2016-01-01) Briso, André Luiz Fraga ; Rahal, Vanessa ; Gallinari, Marjorie Oliveira ; Soares, Diana Gabriela ; Costa, Carlos Alberto de Souza ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
While dental whitening or dental bleaching is one of the most popular aesthetic procedures, dentists should base their decision to prescribe peroxide-based whitening agents on evidence-based techniques and regimens. The contact of bleaching products with the mucosa, dental tissues, and preexisting restorations may trigger a series of adverse effects both on soft and hard tissues. This chapter details the precautions that must be taken prior to prescribing different bleaching therapies with the goal of improving the patient’s smile, without damaging oral tissues.Additionally, this chapter will discuss tooth sensitivity, which is the most common side effect of any bleaching treatment. The prevention of tooth sensitivity is of upmost importance to avoid discomfort to patients and increase patient’s compliance.
The primary pulp: Developmental and biomedical background
(2016-01-01) Fuks, Anna B. ; Hebling, Josimeri ; de Souza Costa, Carlos Alberto ; Hadassah School of Dental Medicine ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Maintaining the integrity and health of the oral tissues is the primary objective of pulp treatment. Premature loss of primary teeth can lead to malocclusion and/or to esthetic, phonetic, or functional problems. It is important to attempt to preserve pulp vitality whenever possible; however, when this is not feasible, the pulp can be entirely extirpated without significantly compromising the function of the tooth [1, 2].
Nanobiomaterials in dentistry
(2016-06-13) De Souza Rastelli, Alessandra Nara ; Carreira, Emanuelle Teixeira ; Dias, Hï¿½rcules Bezerra ; Hamblin, Michel R. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) ; Wellman Center for Photomedicine
During the last decade, nanotechnology has emerged as a separate field of research, mainly because of its application in different areas, such as engineering, medicine, dentistry, and in the development of different technologies used for different purposes. Particularly in dentistry, nanotechnology has shown to be a promising area due to the variety of new treatment options and possibilities. In dental materials, for example, the main applications of nanotechnology have been to achieve better mechanical properties, higher abrasion resistance, less shrinkage, improved optical and esthetic properties, and to provide antimicrobial properties. Antimicrobial activity is a very important property for nanomaterials used in dentistry because of the lack of this property in resin-based materials. Modern nanotechnology is used in the production of a variety of dental materials such as light-cured composite resins, adhesive systems, impression materials, ceramics, dental implant coatings, and bioceramics, among others. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of nanobiomaterials used in dentistry.
Properties of hydrated mineral trioxide aggregate
(2014-03-01) Tanomaru-Filho, Mario ; Guerreiro-Tanomaru, Juliane Maria ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is composed of Portland cement and bismuth oxide as radiopacifying material. This chapter aimed at discussing the physicochemical and biological properties of MTA. When MTA is mixed with water, it hydrates to form a solid structure after 2-3 h. MTA has a compressive strength, which increases with time, and the adhesion and microhardness of the material are satisfactory and can be influenced by several factors. MTA exhibits slight expansion after setting. Most of the studies demonstrate that MTA is not soluble or presents low solubility when immersed in solution. MTA exhibits adequate sealing and has limited antimicrobial effect against some microorganisms. MTA might cause dental discoloration, which can compromise aesthetics. The amount of heavy metals released by MTA is a common concern with respect to the clinical application. In vitro studies have shown that MTA is biocompatible. Clinical research assessing the various uses of MTA compared to other standard materials has shown comparable clinical outcomes for all the materials tested.

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