Hypotensive Effect of Heated Water-Based Exercise Persists After 12-Week Cessation of Training in Patients With Resistant Hypertension

Abstract

Background: Heated water-based exercise (HEx) promotes a marked reduction of blood pressure (BP), but it is not entirely clear whether its effects on BP persist after cessation of HEx. Methods: We analyzed the effects of cessation of HEx on 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) in patients with resistant hypertension (RH). Thirty-two patients (aged 53 ± 6 years) with RH (4 to 6 antihypertensive drugs) were randomly assigned to HEx (n = 16) or control (n = 16) groups. Antihypertensive therapy remained unchanged during the protocol. The HEx group participated in 36 sessions (60 minutes) in a heated pool (32oC [89.6°F]) for 12 weeks (training), followed by 12 weeks of cessation of training. The control group was evaluated during the same period and instructed to maintain their habitual activities. Results: HEx and control groups had similar BP levels at baseline. HEx training reduced the 24-hour systolic (–19.5 ± 4.6 vs 3.0 ± 0.7 mm Hg, P = 0.001) and diastolic BP (–11.1 ± 2.4 vs 2.06 ± 0.9 mm Hg, P = 0.001) at week 12, compared with the control group. After 12 weeks of training cessation (week 24), 24-hour BP remained significantly lower in the HEx group than in the control group (–9.6 ± 3.8 vs 6.3 ± 3.5 mm Hg, P = 0.01 and –7.5±2.2 vs 2.2 ± 1.0 mm Hg, P = 0.009, for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively), although these differences were attenuated. Conclusions: BP remained lower after cessation of 12-week training among patients with RH who underwent HEx compared with the controls. The carryover effects of HEx on BP may help to overcome the challenging problem of exercise compliance in long-term follow-up.