PHA/PHB/PHBV-based composites: development and biomedical applications

Abstract

Polymers are currently widely used in several different industrial sectors due to their broad variety, availability, production costs, and scope of properties in general. In medical and biomedical applications, traditional polymers have found their space, as, for example, the use of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) or polyetheretherketone in orthopedic implant systems. However, in the last few decades, research efforts have been focused on replacing traditional fossil-based polymers with more environment-friendly polymers, which may be derived from natural renewable sources and represent less ecological damage as they are able to biodegrade in a shorter time than traditional polymers. Polyhydroxyalkanoates are a class of polyesters which can be produced via natural fermentation of microbes, and have emerged as interesting alternatives in medical and biomedical applications because of their biocompatibility and biodegradability, with significant advances in recent years. This chapter aims to review the scientific literature and compile the latest progress reported regarding the employment of PHAs in medical and biomedical applications. Overall, these materials have been employed in composites as degradable matrices for bone recovery, and also as coating components to improve the biocompatibility of traditional implantable materials, such as 316L stainless steel. Nevertheless, PHAs are expected to continue being researched in the future, including their application in novel production processes, for example in additive manufacturing.