Advances and Challenges in WO3 Nanostructures’ Synthesis

In recent decades, nanoscience has experienced rapid global advancements due to its focus on materials and compounds at the nanoscale with high efficiency across diverse applications. WO3 nanostructures have proven to be a unique material in the development of new technologies due to their electrical, optical, and catalytic properties. They have been used as raw materials for the fabrication of electrochromic devices, optoelectronic devices, hydrogenation catalysts, gas sensors, adsorbents, lithium-ion batteries, solar driven-catalysts, and phototherapy. One of the most striking characteristics of WO3 is its morphological diversity, spanning from 0D to 2D, encompassing nanoparticles, nanowires, nanofibers, nanorods, nanosheets, and nanoplates. This review discusses common synthesis methods for WO3 nanostructures, including hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, microwave-assisted synthesis, sol-gel, electrospinning, co-precipitation, and solution combustion, with emphasis on the advantages and challenges of each of them. The processes involved, the obtained morphologies, and the resulting applications are also presented. As evidenced here, the fine control of the synthesis parameters allows the production of nanostructures with controlled phase, morphology, and size, essential aspects for the production of high-performance WO3-based devices.