Psychometric validation of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale Revised (CRBS-R) for hybrid delivery

Objective To test the measurement properties of the revised version of the English Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS-R), suitable for hybrid delivery, structural validity, internal reliability, as well as face, cross-cultural, construct and criterion validity were assessed. Design Cross-sectional study, where participants completed an online survey via Qualtrics (2023-2024). Setting Multicentre, with cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes recruiting patients globally; most patients stemmed from a hybrid programme in Iran and supervised programme in Brazil. Participants Participants include inpatients or outpatients with a cardiovascular diagnosis or procedure that is indicated for participation in CR. Measures In addition to sociodemographic and CR use items, the 21-item CRBS-R was administered. It assesses multilevel barriers and was revised based on a literature review. Responses range from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater barriers. Results 235 patients participated from all 6 WHO regions. Items were rated as highly applicable, and open-ended responses revealing no key barriers were omitted, supporting face and cross-cultural validity. Cronbach's α for the total CRBS-R was 0.82. Principal components analysis resulted in the extraction of 4 components, which collectively accounted for 60.5% of the variance and were all internally consistent. Construct validity was supported by associations of total CRBS scores with work status (p = 0.04), exercise history (p = 0.01) and social support (p = 0.03). Total CRBS-R scores were significantly lower in patients who were referred and enrolled versus those who were not (both p≤0.01), confirming criterion validity. Conclusions The CRBS-R is a reliable and valid scale comprising four subscales, applicable to hybrid CR across diverse settings. It can serve as a valuable tool to support identification of patient's CR barriers, to optimise secondary prevention utilisation globally.