Probiotic-based adsorbent mitigates aflatoxin B1 toxicity in Piaractus mesopotamicus: assessing well-being via changes in tissue architecture and digestive enzyme activity

Abstract

Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus that is present in various foods. Probiotics are well-established products in aquaculture, and due to their effective contribution to the intestine, they can be used as an aflatoxin adsorbent. This study evaluated the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on enzymatic activity and intestinal function in Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) fingerlings fed diets containing a probiotic-based adsorbent (PBA). Seventy-two fish with an average weight of 12 ± 1.30 g were used in the study. The experiment was conducted over 15 days using a completely randomized design with six diet treatments (AFB1 per kg of formulated diet) and two replicates. These treatments were: control without AFB1; 25.0 µg of AFB1; 400.0 µg of AFB1; control diet without AFB1 + PBA; 25.0 µg of AFB1 + PBA; and 400.0 µg of AFB1 + PBA. After the experimental period, the digestive enzymes protease, amylase, and lipase from the stomach, pyloric caeca, and intestine were quantified. The height and width of the intestinal villi, pyloric caeca, and stomach wall were measured. Fish fed the 400.0 µg of AFB1 diet showed reduced feed consumption, even though they ingested higher amounts of AFB1 compared to those fed the other experimental diets. The best zootechnical performance parameters were observed in fish fed the control diet without AFB1 + PBA. Changes (p < 0.05) were observed in the amount of protease in the stomach, pyloric caeca, and intestine; in the amount of amylase in the intestine; and the amount of lipase in the pyloric caeca and intestine. Changes were observed (p < 0.05) in the length of the stomach wall and the anterior and posterior intestines. Changes in the width of the stomach and anterior intestine walls were observed as a result of diet. Our results suggest that the use of probiotics as an aflatoxin adsorbent in pacu diets is beneficial from a physiological perspective and may also enhance growth.