Ultrasound-Assisted Process to Increase the Hydrophobicity of Cellulose from Oat Hulls by Surface Modification with Vegetable Oils

Abstract

Cellulose obtained from oat hulls by bleaching with peracetic acid was modified, employing an ultrasound method that resulted in an esterification reaction with different vegetable oils (soybean, sunflower, and coconut) to produce modified cellulose (MC) with increased hydrophobicity. MC samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and their wettability and oil and water absorption capacities. FTIR indicated that the reaction occurred with all oils, which was observed by forming a new band associated with ester carbonyl groups at 1747 cm−1. The modification did not affect the crystalline structure or surface morphology of the cellulose. MC samples modified with all oil sources showed a 6 to 9-fold decrease in water absorption capacity, a 3-fold increase in oil absorption capacity, and a higher affinity for nonpolar solvents. The modified samples adsorbed lower amounts of water at a slower rate. Different oil sources did not affect the main properties of MC. The ultrasonication-assisted process was not only effective in modifying cellulose by esterification with vegetable oils but was also an eco-friendly and simple strategy that does not require toxic reagents, providing reassurance of its sustainability.