Cimentos bioativos injetáveis funcionalizados com peptídeo osteogênico para reparação óssea
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Data
2016-03-24
Autores
Lázari, Larissa Mendes de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O desenvolvimento de biomateriais que promovam a reparação de tecidos lesionados tem sido objeto de intensa investigação. Em relação à reparação do tecido ósseo, as cerâmicas são materiais muito pesquisados em função de sua ampla possibilidade de uso, inclusive na confecção de pastas cimentícias moldáveis. A sílica mesoporosa apresenta elevada área de superfície específica (~1000 m2.g-1) e tamanho de poros usualmente em torno de 2-30 nm, atraindo atenção para aplicações como importantes carreadores de fármacos e proteínas. O peptídeo de crescimento osteogênico (OGP) é um tetradecapeptídeo endógeno, cuja forma ativa atua como agente anabólico e estimulador hematopoiético, promovendo a diferenciação osteoblástica. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um cimento ósseo injetável, reabsorvível e bioativo, com sílica mesoporosa e peptídeo de crescimento osteogênico. O peptídeo foi sintetizado pelo método em fase sólida, purificado por Cromatografia Líquida (HPLC) e caracterizado por Espectrometria de Massas. O material mesoporoso foi sintetizado pela metodologia sol-gel e sua porosidade confirmada por Adsorção-dessorção de N2, Espalhamento de Raios X à Baixo Ângulo e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão. Os cimentos foram preparados a partir de sulfato de cálcio (CaS), fosfato de cálcio (CaP) e aluminato de cálcio (CaAl), sem e com sílica mesoporosa, e analisados quanto suas características físico-químicas. Os experimentos in vitro foram realizados para avaliar o potencial citotóxico e genotóxico dos cimentos em cultura de células de ovário (CHO-K1) e análise da viabilidade celular e formação da matriz mineralizada em células pré-osteosblásticas (MC3T3-E1). O estudo in vivo foi realizado em defeitos ósseos críticos em calvária de ratos e analisado quanto à formação de tecido ósseo, por histomorfometria, e densidade do tecido neoformado, por imagens de raios X. As análises dos cimentos demostraram que a presença de partículas de sílica mesoporosa promoveu diferentes comportamentos físico-químicos quando comparados aos cimentos sem sílica, como maior razão líquido/pó e, consequentemente, maior porosidade e menor resistência mecânica à compressão. Os cimentos CaP e CaAl, sem e com sílica, mostraram bioatividade in vitro quando imersos em solução que simula o fluido corpóreo (Simulated Body Fluid - SBF). No estudo de liberação do peptídeo OGP, incorporado nas partículas de sílica mesoporosa pré-misturada aos cimentos, o cimento CaS apresentou maior velocidade de liberação em relação aos cimentos estudados, com 80% do conteúdo peptídico liberado em 24 horas. Em relação à viabilidade celular, os cimentos CaS, com e sem sílica, não foram citotóxicos, mas os cimentos CaP e CaAl, apresentaram citotoxicidade; todavia esse comportamento não comprometeu a proliferação celular e nos ensaios de avaliação da mutagenicidade, os cimentos não promoveram dano celular significante. Os testes envolvendo células MC3T3-E1 mostraram que a viabilidade celular e a capacidade de formação da matriz mineralizada foram independentes da presença do peptídeo OGP, sendo mais sensível à presença de sílica e ao tempo de tratamento com os meios condicionados. Os resultados do teste in vivo, com os cimentos CaP, com e sem sílica mesoporosa e peptídeo OGP, demostraram que esses se degradaram e promoveram maior formação óssea durante os primeiros 15 dias pós-cirúrgico, com aproximadamente 30% do defeito preenchido por tecido neoformado, assim como maior densidade nas margens dos defeitos quando comparados com o controle. No entanto, a presença do peptídeo OGP foi significante somente nos primeiros 30 dias pós-cirúrgico de análise e não houve diferença estatística com o cimento com sílica e sem peptídeo. Além do mais, não houve diferença entre os grupos experimentais e o controle nos períodos mais tardios de análise. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que, dentre os cimentos estudados, aqueles com partículas de sílica mesoporosa e peptídeo OGP são os mais promissores para o reparo do tecido ósseo, principalmente nos períodos iniciais de cicatrização, devido ao seu potencial osteogênico.
The development of biomaterials that promote repair of injured tissues has been the subject of intense research. Regarding the bone tissue repair, ceramics are one of the most researched biomaterials groups due to its wide possibility of use, including cement pastes with good moldability. The mesoporous silica has high specific surface area (~1000 m2.g-1) and pore size usually around 2-30 nm attracting attention for its applications as drugs and proteins carriers. The osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) is an endogenous tetradecapeptide, whose active form acts as an anabolic agent and hematopoietic stimulator, promoting osteoblast differentiation. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop an injectable bone cement, resorbable and bioactive, mesoporous silica and osteogenic growth peptide. The peptide was synthesized by the solid phase method, purified by High Performande Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by Mass Spectrometry. The mesoporous materials were synthesized by sol-gel method and its porosity confirmed by Adsorption-desorption of N2, Small-angle X-ray Scattering and Transmission Electronic Microscopy. Cements were prepared from calcium sulfate (CaS), calcium phosphate (CaP) and calcium aluminate (CaAl), without and with mesoporous silica, and analyzed for its physicochemical characteristics. In vitro experiments were carried out to evaluate the cements cytotoxic and genotoxic potential in CHO-K1 hamster ovary cell line and analysis of the mineralized matrix formation in MC3T3-E1 osteosblastics cell line. The in vivo study was performed in critical defects in rat calvaria, and it has analized as formation of bone tissue by histomorphometry and density of newly formed tissue by X-ray images. The cements analysis have shown that the presence of mesoporous silica particles promoted different physico-chemical behavior when compared to those without silica, such as higher ratio Liquid/Powder, higher porosity and, hence, decreases the mechanical resistance. CaP and CaAl cements showed bioactivity in vitro when immersed in Simulated Body Fluid solution. Concerning OGP liberation, the CaS cement showed the fastest release in the OGP-mesoporous silica-loaded cement release studies, releasing 80% peptide loaded in 24 hours. Regarding cell viability, CaS cements with and without silica, were not cytotoxic, but the CaP and CaAl cement showed cytotoxicity; however this behavior did not affect cell proliferation. And in mutagenicity tests, the cements did not promote significant cell damage. The tests involving MC3T3-E1 cells showed that cell viability and mineralized matrix formation capacity is independent of the OGP peptide presence and it is more sensitive to the presence of silica and the treatment time with the conditioned culture media. The test in vivo, with CaP cements, with and without mesoporous silica and OGP, demonstrated that these cements have degraded and promoted increased bone formation during the first 15 postoperative days, with approximately 30% of the defect filled by newly formed tissue as well as higher density on the defects borders when compared to the control. However, the presence of OGP peptide was significant only during the first 30 days postoperative, but there was no statistical difference with silica cement and without this peptide. Furthermore, there was no difference between experimental groups and the control in the later study periods. According to the results, it is concluded that, among the cements studied, those with mesoporous silica particles and OGP peptide are the most promising for bone tissue repair, especially in the initial stages of healing due to its osteogenic potential.
The development of biomaterials that promote repair of injured tissues has been the subject of intense research. Regarding the bone tissue repair, ceramics are one of the most researched biomaterials groups due to its wide possibility of use, including cement pastes with good moldability. The mesoporous silica has high specific surface area (~1000 m2.g-1) and pore size usually around 2-30 nm attracting attention for its applications as drugs and proteins carriers. The osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) is an endogenous tetradecapeptide, whose active form acts as an anabolic agent and hematopoietic stimulator, promoting osteoblast differentiation. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop an injectable bone cement, resorbable and bioactive, mesoporous silica and osteogenic growth peptide. The peptide was synthesized by the solid phase method, purified by High Performande Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by Mass Spectrometry. The mesoporous materials were synthesized by sol-gel method and its porosity confirmed by Adsorption-desorption of N2, Small-angle X-ray Scattering and Transmission Electronic Microscopy. Cements were prepared from calcium sulfate (CaS), calcium phosphate (CaP) and calcium aluminate (CaAl), without and with mesoporous silica, and analyzed for its physicochemical characteristics. In vitro experiments were carried out to evaluate the cements cytotoxic and genotoxic potential in CHO-K1 hamster ovary cell line and analysis of the mineralized matrix formation in MC3T3-E1 osteosblastics cell line. The in vivo study was performed in critical defects in rat calvaria, and it has analized as formation of bone tissue by histomorphometry and density of newly formed tissue by X-ray images. The cements analysis have shown that the presence of mesoporous silica particles promoted different physico-chemical behavior when compared to those without silica, such as higher ratio Liquid/Powder, higher porosity and, hence, decreases the mechanical resistance. CaP and CaAl cements showed bioactivity in vitro when immersed in Simulated Body Fluid solution. Concerning OGP liberation, the CaS cement showed the fastest release in the OGP-mesoporous silica-loaded cement release studies, releasing 80% peptide loaded in 24 hours. Regarding cell viability, CaS cements with and without silica, were not cytotoxic, but the CaP and CaAl cement showed cytotoxicity; however this behavior did not affect cell proliferation. And in mutagenicity tests, the cements did not promote significant cell damage. The tests involving MC3T3-E1 cells showed that cell viability and mineralized matrix formation capacity is independent of the OGP peptide presence and it is more sensitive to the presence of silica and the treatment time with the conditioned culture media. The test in vivo, with CaP cements, with and without mesoporous silica and OGP, demonstrated that these cements have degraded and promoted increased bone formation during the first 15 postoperative days, with approximately 30% of the defect filled by newly formed tissue as well as higher density on the defects borders when compared to the control. However, the presence of OGP peptide was significant only during the first 30 days postoperative, but there was no statistical difference with silica cement and without this peptide. Furthermore, there was no difference between experimental groups and the control in the later study periods. According to the results, it is concluded that, among the cements studied, those with mesoporous silica particles and OGP peptide are the most promising for bone tissue repair, especially in the initial stages of healing due to its osteogenic potential.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Cimento ósseo, Sílica mesoporosa, Peptídeo de crescimento osteogênico (OGP), Proliferação celular, Regeneração óssea, Bone cement, Mesoporous silica, Osteogenic growth peptide, Cell proliferation, Bone regeneration