Relação entre clima escolar e desempenho acadêmico em escolas públicas de ensino médio representativas de um estado brasileiro
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Data
2017-03-15
Autores
Melo, Simone Gomes de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O clima escolar é uma forma de perceber o ambiente, sua atmosfera, valores, atitudes e sentimentos experienciados por seus membros, correspondendo, também, às relações sociais e à relação com a aprendizagem. Pesquisas, especialmente internacionais, apontam que um clima positivo, proporciona além de bem-estar, melhor desempenho acadêmico. Nesse contexto surge a motivação em realizar este estudo no Brasil, abordando o clima escolar em oito dimensões correspondentes à instituição educativa, por diferentes públicos e relacioná-lo com o desempenho no ENEM. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo verificar a relação do clima escolar, a partir da percepção de alunos, professores e gestores de escolas públicas de Ensino Médio representativas de um estado brasileiro, com o desempenho dessas escolas e de seus respectivos alunos, com base em resultados decorrentes do ENEM 2015. Os instrumentos para avaliação do clima escolar são questionários específicos, construídos para a realidade escolar brasileira, destinados a alunos, professores e gestores, os quais foram validados, e mensuram as seguintes dimensões: relações com o ensino e a aprendizagem; relações sociais e conflitos; regras, sanções e segurança; situações de intimidação entre os alunos, relações entre a família, comunidade e a escola; infraestrutura e a rede física da escola; relações com o trabalho; e gestão e participação. A metodologia é de tipo descritivo e próxima do nível explicativo e quanto à natureza dos dados é quantitativa e correlacional. Os questionários do clima escolar foram aplicados em uma amostra de 46 escolas públicas de Ensino Médio, distribuídas de modo proporcional em um estado do Brasil, contando com a participação de 2731 alunos, 426 docentes e 173 gestores. Foram realizadas análises descritiva e correlacional com os dados do clima escolar e dados do ENEM, assim como, foi estimado o efeito escola para obter dados residuais de desempenho no ENEM ao controlar a variável Indicador Nível Socioeconômico (Inse). Foram também utilizados dados contextuais divulgados pelo INEP como variáveis nas análises. A correlação entre os dados do clima escolar e dados do desempenho no ENEM apresentou o valor r = 0,07, o que é considerado estatisticamente não significante. Já a regressão linear múltipla mostrou relações positivas e significantes tanto nas variáveis independentes Inse e Taxa de Participação quanto nas variáveis Inse e dimensão Intimidação as quais se mostraram com preditoras do desempenho no ENEM. Relações significantes foram encontradas no clima escolar geral e na dimensão Aprendizagem, nas perspectivas de professores e gestores, tendo como variável dependente a Taxa de Aprovação, e na dimensão Aprendizagem nas perspectivas de alunos e professores, com a Taxa de Permanência. Não tendo sido encontrada relação significante do clima com desempenho, e considerando a alta relação do Inse com desempenho, foi efetuada a análise do efeito escola, o que permitiu identificar escolas que alcançaram médias com valores residuais positivos (portanto, com desempenho acima do esperado) e negativos (com desempenho abaixo do esperado). Prosseguindo essa análise, para verificar a influência do clima escolar sobre o desempenho, controlando a variável Inse, foi efetuada a divisão das escolas em quartis com base na dispersão e tendências, conforme os dados residuais. Deste modo, as escolas foram classificadas em três grupos, sendo o Grupo 1 constituído de escolas com desempenho bem abaixo do esperado, o Grupo 2 formado por escolas com desempenho próximo ao esperado e o Grupo 3 com escolas que tiverem desempenho bem acima do esperado. Por meio de uma análise mais específica das escolas de Grupo 1 e 3, o clima escolar geral, e também por dimensões, na avaliação dos alunos apresentou diferenças significantes entre os Grupos 1 e 3, com avaliações de clima do Grupo 3 mais positivas que as do Grupo 1, exceto na dimensão Família. De modo geral, a mesma tendência apresentou-se nas avaliações de professores e gestores, porém não se mostraram estatisticamente significantes em boa parte dos casos. Concluímos que, controlando a variável Indicador Nível Socioeconômico, o clima escolar, sobretudo quando considerado na perspectiva dos alunos, mostrou-se um fator protetivo para que escolas tivessem um desempenho acima do esperado no ENEM. Assim um clima escolar mais positivo, mesmo não superando barreiras que transcendem os muros das escolas como os contrastes socioeconômicos, pode atenuar tais diferenças e propiciar um ambiente melhor para estudar, aprender e se desenvolver, o que, por conseguinte, reflete no desempenho dos alunos.
The school climate is a way of perceiving the environment, its atmosphere, values, attitudes and feelings experienced by its members, also corresponding to social relations and to the relationship with learning. Research, especially international, suggests that a positive climate, provides beyond well-being, better academic performance. In this context the motivation arises in carrying out this study in Brazil, approaching the school climate in eight dimensions corresponding to the educational institution, by different publics and to relate it with the performance in the ENEM. This research aims to verify the relationship of the school climate, based on the perception of students, teachers and managers of public high schools representative of a Brazilian state, with the performance of these schools and their respective students, based on results of ENEM 2015. The instruments for assessing the school climate are specific questionnaires, built for the Brazilian school reality, aimed at students, teachers and managers. These questionnaires were validated and measure the following dimensions: relationships with teaching and learning; social relations and conflicts; rules, sanctions and security; situations of intimidation among students; relationships between family, community and school; infrastructure and the physical network of the school; relationships with work; and management and participation. The methodology is descriptive and close to the explanatory level. The nature of the data is quantitative and correlational. The school climate questionnaires were applied to a sample of 46 public high schools, distributed proportionally in one state of Brazil, with the participation of 2731 students, 426 teachers and 173 managers. Descriptive and correlational analyzes were carried out with school climate data and ENEM 2015 data, as well as, we estimated the school effect by obtaining residual performance data in ENEM by controlling the variable Socioeconomic Level Indicator (Inse). Contextual data published by INEP were also used as variables in the analyzes. The correlation between the data of the school climate and data of the performance in the ENEM was r = 0.07, that is statistically not significant. The multiple linear regression showed positive and significant relationships in both the independent variables Inse and Participation Rate as Inse and Intimidation Dimension, which were shown to predict performance in the ENEM. Significant relationships were found in the overall school climate and in the dimension Learning, under the perspectives of teachers and managers, having as a dependent variable the Approval Rate, and in the dimension Learning under the perspectives of students and teachers, with the Permanence Rate. Since we couldn’t found a significant relation of the climate with performance, and considering the strong relation of the Inse with performance, the school effect was analyzed, coming to schools that achieved averages with residual positive values (therefore, with performance above performance) and negative (with below expected performance). Following this analysis, to verify the influence of the school climate on the performance, controlling the variable Inse, the schools were divided into quartiles based on dispersion and trends, according to the residual data. Thus, the schools were classified into three groups, the Group 1 consisting of schools that performed well below expectations, Group 2 was formed by schools with close to expected performance and Group 3 with schools performing well above expectations. Through a more specific analysis of the Group 1 and 3 schools, the overall school climate, and also by dimensions, evaluated by students shown significant differences between Groups 1 and 3, being the climate evaluations of Group 3 more positive than those of Group 1, except on dimension Family. In general, the same trend was observed in the evaluations of teachers and managers, but it were, in most cases, not statistically significant. We conclude that, controlling the variable Socioeconomic Level Indicator, the school climate, especially when considered from the perspective of students, was a protective factor for schools to perform better than expected in ENEM. Thus, a more positive school climate, even if it does not overcome barriers that transcend school walls such as socioeconomic contrasts, can attenuate such differences and provide a better environment for studying, learning and developing, which consequently reflects in the student performance.
The school climate is a way of perceiving the environment, its atmosphere, values, attitudes and feelings experienced by its members, also corresponding to social relations and to the relationship with learning. Research, especially international, suggests that a positive climate, provides beyond well-being, better academic performance. In this context the motivation arises in carrying out this study in Brazil, approaching the school climate in eight dimensions corresponding to the educational institution, by different publics and to relate it with the performance in the ENEM. This research aims to verify the relationship of the school climate, based on the perception of students, teachers and managers of public high schools representative of a Brazilian state, with the performance of these schools and their respective students, based on results of ENEM 2015. The instruments for assessing the school climate are specific questionnaires, built for the Brazilian school reality, aimed at students, teachers and managers. These questionnaires were validated and measure the following dimensions: relationships with teaching and learning; social relations and conflicts; rules, sanctions and security; situations of intimidation among students; relationships between family, community and school; infrastructure and the physical network of the school; relationships with work; and management and participation. The methodology is descriptive and close to the explanatory level. The nature of the data is quantitative and correlational. The school climate questionnaires were applied to a sample of 46 public high schools, distributed proportionally in one state of Brazil, with the participation of 2731 students, 426 teachers and 173 managers. Descriptive and correlational analyzes were carried out with school climate data and ENEM 2015 data, as well as, we estimated the school effect by obtaining residual performance data in ENEM by controlling the variable Socioeconomic Level Indicator (Inse). Contextual data published by INEP were also used as variables in the analyzes. The correlation between the data of the school climate and data of the performance in the ENEM was r = 0.07, that is statistically not significant. The multiple linear regression showed positive and significant relationships in both the independent variables Inse and Participation Rate as Inse and Intimidation Dimension, which were shown to predict performance in the ENEM. Significant relationships were found in the overall school climate and in the dimension Learning, under the perspectives of teachers and managers, having as a dependent variable the Approval Rate, and in the dimension Learning under the perspectives of students and teachers, with the Permanence Rate. Since we couldn’t found a significant relation of the climate with performance, and considering the strong relation of the Inse with performance, the school effect was analyzed, coming to schools that achieved averages with residual positive values (therefore, with performance above performance) and negative (with below expected performance). Following this analysis, to verify the influence of the school climate on the performance, controlling the variable Inse, the schools were divided into quartiles based on dispersion and trends, according to the residual data. Thus, the schools were classified into three groups, the Group 1 consisting of schools that performed well below expectations, Group 2 was formed by schools with close to expected performance and Group 3 with schools performing well above expectations. Through a more specific analysis of the Group 1 and 3 schools, the overall school climate, and also by dimensions, evaluated by students shown significant differences between Groups 1 and 3, being the climate evaluations of Group 3 more positive than those of Group 1, except on dimension Family. In general, the same trend was observed in the evaluations of teachers and managers, but it were, in most cases, not statistically significant. We conclude that, controlling the variable Socioeconomic Level Indicator, the school climate, especially when considered from the perspective of students, was a protective factor for schools to perform better than expected in ENEM. Thus, a more positive school climate, even if it does not overcome barriers that transcend school walls such as socioeconomic contrasts, can attenuate such differences and provide a better environment for studying, learning and developing, which consequently reflects in the student performance.
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Palavras-chave
Clima escolar, Desempenho escolar, Ensino médio, Efeito escola, School climate, School performance, High school, School effect