Processo de descasque de crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) visando a extração de óleo e armazenamento
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Data
2016-12-15
Autores
Santos, Silas da Silva [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A prensagem mecânica é o método mais empregado para extração do óleo de diversos tipos de oleaginosas, constituindo-se em uma operação simples que não exige mão de obra qualificada e é facilmente adaptável a diversos tipos de grãos. Entretanto, as prensas contínuas de pequena capacidade, com grande potencial de utilização nas pequenas comunidades rurais, apresentam baixa eficiência de extração, deixando uma quantidade significativa de óleo na torta de crambe. A operação de retirada das cascas dos frutos de crambe, antes da prensagem, constitui-se em um fator importante que pode otimizar a extração mecânica do óleo de crambe, reduzindo o teor de óleo que se perde pela casca. Por outro lado, a possibilidade de danificação mecânica durante a compressão e atrito, comprometendo o potencial de armazenamento dos grãos, deve ser considerada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento de óleo extraído mecanicamente do crambe, contendo diferentes percentagens de casca, bem como, o possível efeito imediato e latente do processo de descasque dos grãos submetidos a diferentes sistemas de armazenagem. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas fases. Na primeira fase, foram realizados os testes de rendimento de extração do óleo pelo método mecânico de prensagem a frio, a partir do crambe submetido aos seguintes tratamentos de descasque: grãos com casca (testemunha), grãos sem casca, grãos com 10% de casca e grãos com 20% de casca. Para avaliar o efeito do descasque foi utilizado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Na segunda fase, foram conduzidos os ensaios para avaliar os efeitos imediato e latente da operação de descasque sobre a qualidade do crambe armazenado, durante nove meses, em sistema convencional (sacaria) e hermético (silo-bolsa). Nesta etapa foram determinados: teor de água, acidez graxa, condutividade elétrica dos grãos de crambe. A qualidade do óleo foi avaliada pelo índice de acidez e índice de peróxido. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois tipos de embalagens, duas condições de descasque e três períodos de armazenamento, consistindo em um fatorial triplo 2 x 2 x 3, com três repetições, totalizando 12 tratamentos e 36 parcelas, os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho permitiram observar o efeito positivo e significativo do descasque dos grãos sobre a extração do óleo de crambe, atingindo o máximo rendimento com a ausência de casca. Durante o armazenamento, o crambe descascado também mostrou melhor conservação em relação ao crambe com casca, principalmente quando submetido ao sistema hermético de armazenagem. Para todos os índices de qualidade monitorados, avanços significativos na deterioração foram evidenciados a partir do sexto mês de armazenamento.
The mechanical pressing (expelling) is the most commonly used method for extracting oil from various types of oilseeds, constituting of a simple operation that requires no skilled labor and is easily adaptable to various types of grain. However, small expellers, with great potential for use in small rural communities, have low extraction efficiency, leaving a significant amount of oil in the crambe presscake. The operation of the crambe fruit hulling before the pressing is an important factor that can optimize the mechanical extraction of the crambe oil, reducing the oil contained that is lost by the hull. On the other hand, the possibility of mechanical damage during compression and friction, compromising the grain storage potential, should be considered. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield of mechanically extracted oil from the crambe, containing different percentages of hull, as well as the possible immediate and latent effect of the hulling process of the grains submitted to different storage systems. This work was developed in two phases. In the first phase, the oil extraction yield tests were performed by the cold pressing method, having the crambe submitted to the following hulling treatments: whole grains (control), totally dehulled (Hulless), partially dehulled with 10% hull, and partially dehulled with 20% hull. To evaluate the dehulling effect, a completely randomized experimental design was used, with four treatments and four replications. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability. In the second phase, the tests were carried out to evaluate the immediate and latent effects of the hulling operation on the quality of crambe stored for nine months in conventional (sewage) and hermetic (silo-bag) systems. In this phase were determined: water content, fat acidity, electrical conductivity of crambe grains. The quality of the oil was evaluated by the free acidity and peroxide indexes of the crambe oil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two types of packages (sewage and hermetic), two treatment conditions (whole and hulled grains) and three storage periods, consisting of a 2x2x3 triple factorial, with three replications, totaling 12 treatments and 36 plots, the data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey's test (p <0.05). The results obtained in this work allowed observing the positive and significant effect of the hulling of the grains on the crambe oil extraction, reaching the maximum yield with the absence of hull. During storage, the hulless crambe also showed better conservation in relation to the whole crambe, especially when submitted to the hermetic storage system. For every monitored quality indices, significant improvements in deterioration were evidenced from the sixth month of storage.
The mechanical pressing (expelling) is the most commonly used method for extracting oil from various types of oilseeds, constituting of a simple operation that requires no skilled labor and is easily adaptable to various types of grain. However, small expellers, with great potential for use in small rural communities, have low extraction efficiency, leaving a significant amount of oil in the crambe presscake. The operation of the crambe fruit hulling before the pressing is an important factor that can optimize the mechanical extraction of the crambe oil, reducing the oil contained that is lost by the hull. On the other hand, the possibility of mechanical damage during compression and friction, compromising the grain storage potential, should be considered. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield of mechanically extracted oil from the crambe, containing different percentages of hull, as well as the possible immediate and latent effect of the hulling process of the grains submitted to different storage systems. This work was developed in two phases. In the first phase, the oil extraction yield tests were performed by the cold pressing method, having the crambe submitted to the following hulling treatments: whole grains (control), totally dehulled (Hulless), partially dehulled with 10% hull, and partially dehulled with 20% hull. To evaluate the dehulling effect, a completely randomized experimental design was used, with four treatments and four replications. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability. In the second phase, the tests were carried out to evaluate the immediate and latent effects of the hulling operation on the quality of crambe stored for nine months in conventional (sewage) and hermetic (silo-bag) systems. In this phase were determined: water content, fat acidity, electrical conductivity of crambe grains. The quality of the oil was evaluated by the free acidity and peroxide indexes of the crambe oil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two types of packages (sewage and hermetic), two treatment conditions (whole and hulled grains) and three storage periods, consisting of a 2x2x3 triple factorial, with three replications, totaling 12 treatments and 36 plots, the data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey's test (p <0.05). The results obtained in this work allowed observing the positive and significant effect of the hulling of the grains on the crambe oil extraction, reaching the maximum yield with the absence of hull. During storage, the hulless crambe also showed better conservation in relation to the whole crambe, especially when submitted to the hermetic storage system. For every monitored quality indices, significant improvements in deterioration were evidenced from the sixth month of storage.
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Palavras-chave
Armazenagem, Crambe, Descasque, Extração mecânica, Qualidade