Potencial alelopático de Cosmos sulphureus Cav.
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2017-04-17
Autores
Silva, Bruna Pires da [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Cosmos sulphureus Cav. é uma espécie que foi introduzida no Brasil como ornamental e hoje se comporta como uma planta daninha, apresentando elevado poder invasivo no ambiente, devido ao seu potencial alelopático, suprimindo inclusive o crescimento de outras plantas daninhas. Essa característica da planta a torna uma potencial candidata para obtenção de herbicidas naturais, os aleloquímicos, que uma vez isolados e caracterizados poderão ser utilizados diretamente como tal ou então para a semi-síntese de novos compostos. Em vista disso, objetivou-se avaliar e caracterizar o potencial alelopático de C. sulphureus e, também, extrair, fracionar e isolar os aleloquímicos promotores do efeito alelopático. Caracterizou-se o potencial alelopático de C. sulphureus pelo método de liberação por decomposição e por exsudação radicular (planta “in vivo”). A decomposição de plantas de C. sulphureus resultou em efeito alelopático inibitório sobre Lactuca sativa, Amaranthus viridis e Panicum maximum, principalmente na incorporação da maior quantidade de material vegetal.Exsudatos radiculares de C. sulphureus resultaram em efeito alelopático inibitório sobre A. viridis e P. maximum. Dentre os dois modos de liberação de aleloquímicos por C. sulphureus estudados, a exsudação radicular foi o mais ativo (planta “in vivo”). Também foi realizada a extração de folhas de C. sulphureus com água e solventes orgânicos e verificou-se a cito/fitotoxicidade dos extratos. Os extratos mais ativos foram fracionados utilizandose de técnicas de cromatografia e as frações obtidas foram testadas por meio de bioensaios (isolamento biodirigido). As frações bioativas foram analisadas para identificação das substâncias presentes por meio de HPLC-UV-MS e ressonância magnética nuclear. O extrato diclorometânico de folhas e o acetônico de raízes proporcionaram inibição significativa no alongamento de coleóptilos de trigo, e o primeiro apresentou-se mais fitotóxico às espécies receptoras (Allium cepa, L. sativa, Lepidium sativum, Lycopersicum esculentum, A. viridis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum maximum e Urochloa decumbens). Foram isolados quinze compostos das folhas e cinco de raízes. Todos os compostos isolados das raízes, com exceção ao estigmasterol são fenilpropanóides, e foram isolados pela primeira vez na espécie C. sulphureus. Os compostos álcool 1’,2’-epoxi-3’,4-di-O-isobutiril-Z-coniferil e álcool 1',2'-dihidroxi-3',4-di-O-isobutirilconiferil, isolados das raízes, descrevem-se pela primeira vez na literatura. Os compostos majoritários isolados das folhas são lactonas sesquiterpênicas: costunolido, reinosina e santamarina. Os três compostos se descrevem pela primeira vez na planta C. sulphureus, com exceção do costunolido que já foi isolado anteriormente nesta planta. Santamarina e costunolido foram os mais ativos, seguidos por reinosina. Amaranthus viridis e P. maximum foram as espécies mais sensíveis à ação das lactonas. As lactonas sesquiterpênicas isoladas das folhas são uma fonte potencial para modelos de novos tipos estruturais de herbicidas.
Cosmos sulphurous Cav. was introduced in Brazil as an ornamental plant and has become a problematic weed. This plant grows rapidly and it’s a dominant species, probably due to its allelopathic activity, suppressing the growth of other weeds. This characteristic makes C. sulphureus a potential source of natural herbicides (allelochemicals). When isolated and characterized they can be directly used as such or used to synthesize new related compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the allelopathic potential of C. sulphureus and to extract, fractionate and isolate the allelochemical promoters of the allelopathic effect. The allelopathic potential of C. sulphureus was characterized by the decomposition release method and by root exudation (“in vivo” plant). The decomposition of C. sulphureus resulted in allelopathic inhibitory effect on Lactuca sativa, Amaranthus viridis and Panicum maximum, mainly in the incorporation of the greater amount of plant material. Root extracts of C. sulphureus resulted in allelopathic inhibitory effect on A. viridis and P. maximum. Based on the results of this work, the main release pathway presented by C. sulphureus is root exudation ("in vivo" plant). Extraction of C. sulphureus leaves with water and organic solvents was also performed and the cytotoxicity of the extracts was checked. The most active extracts were fractionated using appropriate chromatography techniques and the fractions were tested by means of bioassays (biodirigid isolation). Bioactive fractions were analyzed in order to identify substances through HPLC-UV-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Dichloromethane extract of leaves and acetone extract of roots showed significant inhibition in wheat coleoptile elongation, and the first one was more phytotoxic to the target species (Allium cepa, L. sativa, Lepidium sativum, Lycopersicum esculentum, A. viridis, Echinochloa crus-galli, P. maximum and Urochloa decumbens). Fifteen compounds were isolated from leaves and five from roots. All compounds isolated from roots, except stigmasterol, are phenylpropanoids and were first isolated in C. sulphureus. The compounds 1’,2’-Epoxy-3’,4-di-Oisobutyryl-Z-coniferyl alcohol and 1',2'-Dihydroxy-3',4-di-O-isobutyrylconiferyl alcohol, isolated from roots, have never been described in the literature before. The major compounds isolated from leaves are sesquiterpene lactones: costunolide, reynosin and santamarin. The three major components of leaves are described for the first time to C. sulphureus, except costunolide, which was isolated from this plant before. Santamarin and costunolide were the most active compounds followed by reynosin. Amaranthus viridis and P. maximum were the most sensitive species to the action of the lactones. Sesquiterpene lactones isolated from leaves are a potential source for new herbicide structural models.
Cosmos sulphurous Cav. was introduced in Brazil as an ornamental plant and has become a problematic weed. This plant grows rapidly and it’s a dominant species, probably due to its allelopathic activity, suppressing the growth of other weeds. This characteristic makes C. sulphureus a potential source of natural herbicides (allelochemicals). When isolated and characterized they can be directly used as such or used to synthesize new related compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the allelopathic potential of C. sulphureus and to extract, fractionate and isolate the allelochemical promoters of the allelopathic effect. The allelopathic potential of C. sulphureus was characterized by the decomposition release method and by root exudation (“in vivo” plant). The decomposition of C. sulphureus resulted in allelopathic inhibitory effect on Lactuca sativa, Amaranthus viridis and Panicum maximum, mainly in the incorporation of the greater amount of plant material. Root extracts of C. sulphureus resulted in allelopathic inhibitory effect on A. viridis and P. maximum. Based on the results of this work, the main release pathway presented by C. sulphureus is root exudation ("in vivo" plant). Extraction of C. sulphureus leaves with water and organic solvents was also performed and the cytotoxicity of the extracts was checked. The most active extracts were fractionated using appropriate chromatography techniques and the fractions were tested by means of bioassays (biodirigid isolation). Bioactive fractions were analyzed in order to identify substances through HPLC-UV-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Dichloromethane extract of leaves and acetone extract of roots showed significant inhibition in wheat coleoptile elongation, and the first one was more phytotoxic to the target species (Allium cepa, L. sativa, Lepidium sativum, Lycopersicum esculentum, A. viridis, Echinochloa crus-galli, P. maximum and Urochloa decumbens). Fifteen compounds were isolated from leaves and five from roots. All compounds isolated from roots, except stigmasterol, are phenylpropanoids and were first isolated in C. sulphureus. The compounds 1’,2’-Epoxy-3’,4-di-Oisobutyryl-Z-coniferyl alcohol and 1',2'-Dihydroxy-3',4-di-O-isobutyrylconiferyl alcohol, isolated from roots, have never been described in the literature before. The major compounds isolated from leaves are sesquiterpene lactones: costunolide, reynosin and santamarin. The three major components of leaves are described for the first time to C. sulphureus, except costunolide, which was isolated from this plant before. Santamarin and costunolide were the most active compounds followed by reynosin. Amaranthus viridis and P. maximum were the most sensitive species to the action of the lactones. Sesquiterpene lactones isolated from leaves are a potential source for new herbicide structural models.
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Palavras-chave
Bidens sulphurea, Alelopatia, Costunolido, Reinosina, Santamarina, Herbicidas naturais