A expansão dos ginásios oficiais e o campo político no estado de São Paulo (1947-1963)
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Data
2017-09-20
Autores
Diniz, Carlos Alberto [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O Estado de São Paulo contava com apenas três ginásios públicos de ensino secundário até 1930: o da Capital, o de Campinas e o de Ribeirão Preto. A partir da década de 1930 se iniciou um processo de expansão da rede de estabelecimentos secundaristas, que se acentuou extraordinariamente após o fim da ditadura Vargas com o restabelecimento do Poder Legislativo e, por conseguinte, da ação dos deputados estaduais que viam na escola secundária uma grande oportunidade política, o que acarretou o aumento do número desses estabelecimentos de ensino para 474 ginásios públicos nas mais diversas localidades paulistas entre 14 de março de 1947 e 31 de janeiro de 1963, ou seja, em 04 governos: o de Adhemar Pereira de Barros; o de Lucas Nogueira Garcez; o de Jânio da Silva Quadros; e o de Carlos Alberto Alves de Carvalho Pinto. Sob um prisma quantitativo, esse processo de expansão iniciado na década de 1930 era algo impressionante e inédito até então na história da educação brasileira, sobretudo pela ação incisiva dos deputados estaduais, uma vez que a sistemática de criação de escolas, instituída no final da década de 1940, passava pela promulgação de lei aprovada na Assembleia Legislativa do Estado. No âmbito da historiografia da educação paulista pode-se afirmar que há uma lacuna a ser preenchida referente às ações e estratégias adotadas pelos Poderes Executivo e Legislativo estadual em torno da expansão da rede de estabelecimentos de ensino secundário que se instaurava nesse período. Com o objetivo de realizar um estudo da expansão dos ginásios oficiais no Estado de São Paulo no período supradito, com base na análise do campo político, pretendo nesse trabalho verificar como se davam as relações entre os parlamentares e seus partidos políticos com o Poder Executivo Estadual e/ou líderes políticos locais no que tange à criação de ginásios oficiais em municípios paulistas, e como tais relações interferiam na política educacional do Estado de São Paulo. Para responder à problemática levantada, recorri à Nova História Política, além do trabalho de Pierre Bourdieu sobre a noção de campo, que me proporcionaram os subsídios necessários para enveredar na análise documental da legislação educacional, das mensagens dos governadores do Estado de São Paulo, dos projetos de lei que tramitaram na ALESP no período já citado, além dos relatórios dos censos realizados pelo IBGE e sinopses estatísticas do ensino secundário. As fontes utilizadas nesse estudo me permitiram concluir que a criação e implantação de ginásios oficiais no Estado de São Paulo não obedeceu a critérios educacionais, mas sim meramente políticos. Logo, o que se poderia chamar de política educacional, nesse caso, se resume a um jogo político, no qual a educação era tida como uma moeda de troca extremamente valiosa que possibilitava a seus jogadores o prêmio da sua permanência no poder. Ou seja, a expansão do ensino secundário do Estado de São Paulo nesse período atendeu aos interesses pessoais dos agentes políticos envolvidos nesse campo a partir do atendimento das reivindicações da população, sobretudo das camadas médias e populares, dentre as quais a escola ginasial ocupava um espaço de destaque dado o seu valor simbólico. De todo modo, não resta dúvida que a realização de estudos em torno da expansão do ensino secundário no Estado de São Paulo ocorrida em meados do século XX nos possibilita compreender o papel que a escola secundária exercia na sociedade em geral, além de proporcionar a reconstituição da história da educação brasileira, sobretudo no que se refere às questões pouco investigadas na historiografia da educação paulista, como as que estão sendo abarcadas nesta tese.
The State of São Paulo had only three public secondary schools until 1930: the Downtown one, Campinas and Ribeirão Preto. From the 1930’s onwards, a network expansion process of secondary schools began, which was extraordinarily accentuated after the end of the Vargas dictatorship, with the reestablishment of the Legislative Branch and, consequently, of the action of the state deputies who saw in secondary school a great political opportunity, which brought the increase of the educational establishments to 474 public gymnasiums in different locations of São Paulo between March 14, 1947 and January 31, 1963, in other words, in 04 governments: Adhemar Pereira de Barros; Lucas Nogueira Garcez; Jânio da Silva Quadros; and the Carlos Alberto Alves de Carvalho Pinto’s government. From a quantitative point of view, this expansion process started in the 1930’s was something impressive and unprecedented until then in the history of Brazilian education, especially by the incisive action of state deputies, once the system of school creation instituted at the end of the decade of 1940 passed by the promulgation of law approved in the Legislative Assembly of the State. In the context of the São Paulo's historiography education, we can affirm that there is a gap to be filled regarding the actions and strategies adopted by the State Executive and Legislative Branches around the network expansion of secondary schools that was established in that period. With the objective of carrying out a study of the expansion of the official gymnasiums in the State of São Paulo in the above mentioned period, based on the analysis of the political field, is intended in this work to verify how the relations between the parliamentarians and their political parties with the State Executive Power and/or local political leaders in reference of the creation and installation of official gymnasiums in São Paulo counties, and how such relations interfered in the educational policy of the State of São Paulo. In order to respond to the problematic raised, was traversed New Politic History, besides the work of Pierre Bourdieu on the notion of the field, which provided the necessary subsidies to move on the documental analysis of educational legislation, of the State of São Paulo governors’ messages, of the bills that were processed in ALESP in the period already mentioned, besides the reports of the census carried out by IBGE and statistical synopses of secondary education. The sources used in this study allow to conclude that the creation and implementation of official gymnasiums in the State of São Paulo did not obey educational criteria, but merely political ones. Therefore, what we might call educational policy in this case, it comes down to a political game in which education was regarded as an extremely valuable trading currency which enabled its players to be awarded the prize of their permanence in power. In other words, the expansion of secondary education in the State of São Paulo during this period served the personal interests of the political agents involved in this field, based on the claim of the population, especially of the middle and popular tiers, among which the junior high school was highlighted, given its symbolic value. Anyway, there is no doubt that the study of the expansion of secondary education in the State of São Paulo, in the middle of the twentieth century, allows us to understand the role that secondary school played in society in general, besides making it possible to reconstitute of the history of Brazilian education, especially with regard to the less investigated issues in the historiography of São Paulo education, such as those that are being covered in this thesis.
The State of São Paulo had only three public secondary schools until 1930: the Downtown one, Campinas and Ribeirão Preto. From the 1930’s onwards, a network expansion process of secondary schools began, which was extraordinarily accentuated after the end of the Vargas dictatorship, with the reestablishment of the Legislative Branch and, consequently, of the action of the state deputies who saw in secondary school a great political opportunity, which brought the increase of the educational establishments to 474 public gymnasiums in different locations of São Paulo between March 14, 1947 and January 31, 1963, in other words, in 04 governments: Adhemar Pereira de Barros; Lucas Nogueira Garcez; Jânio da Silva Quadros; and the Carlos Alberto Alves de Carvalho Pinto’s government. From a quantitative point of view, this expansion process started in the 1930’s was something impressive and unprecedented until then in the history of Brazilian education, especially by the incisive action of state deputies, once the system of school creation instituted at the end of the decade of 1940 passed by the promulgation of law approved in the Legislative Assembly of the State. In the context of the São Paulo's historiography education, we can affirm that there is a gap to be filled regarding the actions and strategies adopted by the State Executive and Legislative Branches around the network expansion of secondary schools that was established in that period. With the objective of carrying out a study of the expansion of the official gymnasiums in the State of São Paulo in the above mentioned period, based on the analysis of the political field, is intended in this work to verify how the relations between the parliamentarians and their political parties with the State Executive Power and/or local political leaders in reference of the creation and installation of official gymnasiums in São Paulo counties, and how such relations interfered in the educational policy of the State of São Paulo. In order to respond to the problematic raised, was traversed New Politic History, besides the work of Pierre Bourdieu on the notion of the field, which provided the necessary subsidies to move on the documental analysis of educational legislation, of the State of São Paulo governors’ messages, of the bills that were processed in ALESP in the period already mentioned, besides the reports of the census carried out by IBGE and statistical synopses of secondary education. The sources used in this study allow to conclude that the creation and implementation of official gymnasiums in the State of São Paulo did not obey educational criteria, but merely political ones. Therefore, what we might call educational policy in this case, it comes down to a political game in which education was regarded as an extremely valuable trading currency which enabled its players to be awarded the prize of their permanence in power. In other words, the expansion of secondary education in the State of São Paulo during this period served the personal interests of the political agents involved in this field, based on the claim of the population, especially of the middle and popular tiers, among which the junior high school was highlighted, given its symbolic value. Anyway, there is no doubt that the study of the expansion of secondary education in the State of São Paulo, in the middle of the twentieth century, allows us to understand the role that secondary school played in society in general, besides making it possible to reconstitute of the history of Brazilian education, especially with regard to the less investigated issues in the historiography of São Paulo education, such as those that are being covered in this thesis.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
História do ensino secundário, Ginásios, Campo político, Curso ginasial, Expansão do secundário, History of secondary education, Gymnasiums, Political field, High school, Secondary expansion