Citotaxonomia e evolução cromossômica na subfamília Triatominae
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2017-10-23
Autores
Alevi, Kaio Cesar Chaboli [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A taxonomia e a sistemática dos triatomíneos baseiam-se, principalmente, em caracteres morfológicos. No entanto, existem espécies muito semelhantes ou até mesmo idênticas (espécies crípticas) do ponto de vista morfológico. Dessa forma, novas abordagens são necessárias para caracterizar um táxon e análises citogenéticas têm se mostrado como importantes ferramentas para a caracterização taxonômica e o conhecimento evolução desses vetores. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos principais: caracterizar os subcomplexos Brasiliensis, Rubrovaria, Matogrossensis, Maculata e Rubrofasciata; auxiliar na revalidação de Triatoma bahiensis; avaliar o status específico de Rhodnius montenegrensis, Rhodnius sp. (afim de R. neglectus), T. pintodiasi, T. lenti e T. sherlocki; analisar a relação evolutiva da tribo Rhodniini; caracterizar o fenômeno de persistência nucleolar na subfamília Triatominae e analisar a variabilidade genética intraespecífica de T. sordida proveniente do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos permitiram caracterizar citogeneticamente as espécies do subcomplexo Brasiliensis; revalidar T. bahiensis e corroborar que essa espécie, bem como T. lenti e T. petrocchiae são membros do subcomplexo Brasiliensis; corroborar o status específico de T. lenti, T. sherlocki e T. bahiensis pela presença de barreira de isolamento reprodutivo pós-zigótica (desmoronamento do híbrido); sugerir que durante a muda imaginal, os triatomíneos cessam a meiose e estimulam a espermiogênese para diminuir os gastos energéticos e garantir a chance de paternidade; caracterizar citogeneticamente os subcomplexos Matogrossensis e Rubrovaria e distingui-los dos outros subcomplexos da América do Sul; reagrupar as espécies dos subcomplexos Matogrossensis, Sordida, Maculata e Rubrovaria, com base na disposição do DNAr 45S; propor a criação de um novo subcomplexo (subcomplexo T. vitticeps), com base em dados fenotípicos e genotípicos; caracterizar citogeneticamente o subcomplexo Maculata e diferenciar T. wygodzinskyi e T. arthurneivai; diferenciar T. rubrofasciata de todas as outras espécies de triatomíneos pela citotaxonomia e cariossistemática; corroborar, por meio da análise cariotípica e das espermátides, que a tribo Rhodniini é um grupo monofilético; caracterizar a evolução cromossômica no grupo pallescens e relacionar a perda de heterocromatina com a ocupação de diferentes ambientes; corroborar o status específico de R. montenegrensis (com base na posição do DNAr 45S) e de T. pintodiasi (com base no comportamento meiótico e na distância genética para o gene mitocondrial 16S); demonstrar que R. neglectus não apresenta variação cromossômica intraespecífica e descrever uma nova espécies do gênero Rhodnius, a saber, R. taquarussuensis sp. n.; discorrer sobre a evolução cariotípica nas tribos Rhodniini, Triatomini e Cavernicolini; confirmar o fenômeno de persistência nucleolar como uma sinapomorfia de Triatominae e, por fim, demonstrar que T. sordida do Brasil não apresenta variação cromossômica intraespecífica e corroborar o status desses vetores como T. sordida sensu strito. Esses resultados mostraram-se de extrema importância para elucidar várias questões sobre a biologia, taxonomia e evolução dos triatomíneos.
The taxonomy and systematics of triatomines are mainly based on morphological characters. However, there are very similar or even identical species (cryptic species) from the morphological point of view. Thus, new approaches are necessary to characterize a taxon and cytogenetic analyzes have been shown as important tools for the taxonomic characterization and the evolutionary knowledge of these vectors. Thus, the main objectives of this study were: characterize the Brasiliensis, Rubrovaria, Matogrossensis, Maculata and Rubrofasciata subcomplexes; assist in the revalidation of Triatoma bahiensis; evaluate the specific status of Rhodnius montenegrensis, Rhodnius sp., T. pintodiasi, T. lenti and T. sherlocki; analyze the evolutionary relationship of the Rhodniini tribe; characterize the nucleolar persistence phenomenon in the Triatominae subfamily and analyze the intraspecific genetic variability of T. sordida from Brazil. The results obtained allowed characterize cytogenetically the species of the Brasiliensis subcomplex; revalidate T. bahiensis and corroborate that this species, as well as T. lenti and T. petrocchiae are members of the Brasiliensis subcomplex; corroborate the specific status of T. lenti, T. sherlocki and T. bahiensis by the presence of a post-zygotic reproductive isolation barrier (collapse of the hybrid); suggest that during the imaginal molt, cell division is disrupted (reduce energy costs) and the differentiation into sperm is stimulated (ensure the paternity of the adult male); characterize cytogenetically the Matogrossensis and Rubrovaria subcomplexes and distinguish them from other subcomplexes of South American; regroup the species of the Matogrossensis, Sordida, Maculata and Rubrovaria subcomplexes, based on the arrangement of the 45S rDNA; propose the creation of a new subcomplex (T. vitticeps subcomplex), based on phenotypic and genotypic data; characterized cytogenetically the Maculata subcomplex and differentiate the T. arthurneivai and T. wygodzinskyi; differentiate T. rubrofasciata from all other triatomine species by cytotaxonomy and karyosystematics; corroborate, by means of karyotypic and spermatids analysis, the monophyly of the Rhodniini tribe; characterize the chromosomal evolution in the pallescens group and relate the loss of heterochromatin with the occupation of different environments; corroborate the specific status of R. montenegrensis (based on the position of the 45 rDNA) and T. pintodiasi (based on meiotic behavior and genetic distance for the 16S mitochondrial gene); demonstrate that R. neglectus does not present intraspecific chromosomal variation and describe a new species of the genus Rhodnius, namely, R. taquarussuensis sp. n.; discuss karyotype evolution in the Rhodniini, Triatomini and Cavernicolini tribes; confirming the nucleolar persistence phenomenon as a Triatominae synapomorphy, and, finally, demonstrate that T. sordida from Brazil does not present intraspecific chromosome variation and corroborate the status of these vectors as T. sordida sensu strito. These results were extremely important to elucidate several questions about the biology, taxonomy and evolution of triatomines.
The taxonomy and systematics of triatomines are mainly based on morphological characters. However, there are very similar or even identical species (cryptic species) from the morphological point of view. Thus, new approaches are necessary to characterize a taxon and cytogenetic analyzes have been shown as important tools for the taxonomic characterization and the evolutionary knowledge of these vectors. Thus, the main objectives of this study were: characterize the Brasiliensis, Rubrovaria, Matogrossensis, Maculata and Rubrofasciata subcomplexes; assist in the revalidation of Triatoma bahiensis; evaluate the specific status of Rhodnius montenegrensis, Rhodnius sp., T. pintodiasi, T. lenti and T. sherlocki; analyze the evolutionary relationship of the Rhodniini tribe; characterize the nucleolar persistence phenomenon in the Triatominae subfamily and analyze the intraspecific genetic variability of T. sordida from Brazil. The results obtained allowed characterize cytogenetically the species of the Brasiliensis subcomplex; revalidate T. bahiensis and corroborate that this species, as well as T. lenti and T. petrocchiae are members of the Brasiliensis subcomplex; corroborate the specific status of T. lenti, T. sherlocki and T. bahiensis by the presence of a post-zygotic reproductive isolation barrier (collapse of the hybrid); suggest that during the imaginal molt, cell division is disrupted (reduce energy costs) and the differentiation into sperm is stimulated (ensure the paternity of the adult male); characterize cytogenetically the Matogrossensis and Rubrovaria subcomplexes and distinguish them from other subcomplexes of South American; regroup the species of the Matogrossensis, Sordida, Maculata and Rubrovaria subcomplexes, based on the arrangement of the 45S rDNA; propose the creation of a new subcomplex (T. vitticeps subcomplex), based on phenotypic and genotypic data; characterized cytogenetically the Maculata subcomplex and differentiate the T. arthurneivai and T. wygodzinskyi; differentiate T. rubrofasciata from all other triatomine species by cytotaxonomy and karyosystematics; corroborate, by means of karyotypic and spermatids analysis, the monophyly of the Rhodniini tribe; characterize the chromosomal evolution in the pallescens group and relate the loss of heterochromatin with the occupation of different environments; corroborate the specific status of R. montenegrensis (based on the position of the 45 rDNA) and T. pintodiasi (based on meiotic behavior and genetic distance for the 16S mitochondrial gene); demonstrate that R. neglectus does not present intraspecific chromosomal variation and describe a new species of the genus Rhodnius, namely, R. taquarussuensis sp. n.; discuss karyotype evolution in the Rhodniini, Triatomini and Cavernicolini tribes; confirming the nucleolar persistence phenomenon as a Triatominae synapomorphy, and, finally, demonstrate that T. sordida from Brazil does not present intraspecific chromosome variation and corroborate the status of these vectors as T. sordida sensu strito. These results were extremely important to elucidate several questions about the biology, taxonomy and evolution of triatomines.
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Palavras-chave
Citogenética, Taxonomia, Evolução, Triatomíneos, Doença de Chagas, Citogenetics, Taxonomy, Evolution, Triatomines, Chagas disease