A gestão democrática na educação escolar portuguesa durante a Revolução dos Cravos (1974-1976)
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Data
2017-11-28
Autores
Ferraro, Karina Perin [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Após 25 de abril de 1974, por meio de diplomas legais, a gestão democrática (GD) foi implementada no sistema escolar português. Primeiro, respaldando os diferentes formatos de controle escolar exercido em cada escola e, em outubro de 1974, regulamentando e fragmentando a gestão escolar em três conselhos. A democracia direta como categoria-chave da nova gestão escolar encontrava-se frente à forma legal representativa, com a direção de um docente eleito para executar as deliberações tomadas em assembleias ou reuniões gerais de escolas. O controle exercido pelo segmento estudantil, generalizado nas universidades e parte significativa dos liceus, foi o primeiro a ser enfraquecido. A partir de 1976, já promulgada a nova constituição, a regulamentação e restrição do controle da organização atingiu o setor docente. Neste trabalho o Movimento de Educação é compreendido como aquele que luta pela educação escolar sistematizada, com protagonismo de sujeitos escolares - trabalhadores docentes e não-docentes, estudantes e responsáveis - e não-escolares - movimentos sociais, sindicatos, organizações políticas com ou sem inscrição legal. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi verificar e analisar as origens e as concepções teórico-práticas de GD na escola básica e secundária em Portugal, a sua inserção nos decretos nacionais (1974-1976) e a atuação das forças políticas e das entidades sindicais e estudantis pela democratização da escola. Os objetivos específicos foram analisar o momento político que antecedeu o processo de luta que levou à Revolução dos Cravos e à incorporação da GD nos decretos nacionais; verificar se os movimentos da educação, docente e discente, reivindicaram a GD na escola na década de 1970; verificar a composição e a atuação das forças políticas em Portugal e se houve a reivindicação da GD na escola; identificar as diferentes proposições da GD em disputa; averiguar o funcionamento da GD implantada nas escolas entre 1974 e 1976. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram a pesquisa bibliográfica, a pesquisa documental e a pesquisa empírica realizada por meio da aplicação de entrevista semiestruturada.
After April 25, 1974, through legal diplomas, democratic management of education was implemented in the Portuguese school system. It first supported different forms of school control exercised at each school and then, in October 1974, it was implemented by regulating and fragmenting school management into three councils. The direct democracy as a key category of the new school management faced the representative and legal form and was held by the guidance of a teacher who should be elected to execute the tasks that were deliberated in general meetings and assemblies. The students’ control that was generalized through the universities and lyceums was the first one to be weakened. After the new constitution was promulgated, in 1976, regulation and control over the organization impacted the teachers. In this work, the education movement is understood as the one that fight for systematized school education with protagonism of the school individuals – teachers and non-teachers, students and responsible – and non-school individuals – social movements, unions, political organizations with or without legal registration. The general objective of this work is to verify and to analyze the origins and the theoretical and practical conceptions of democratic management in the basic and secondary schools on Portugal, their insertion in national decrees (1974-1976) and the acting of political forces and union for a democratic school. The specific objectives are: to analyze the political movement that preceded the process that led to the Carnation Revolution and to the incorporation of the democratic management into national decrees; to verify if the education movements, of teachers and of students claimed the democratic management for the schools in the 1970’s; to examine the political forces and their compositions in Portugal and to inquire if there was a claim for democratic management for schools; to identify the different propositions of democratic management and their disputes; to investigate the democratic management operated in schools between 1974 and 1976. The methodological procedures used were the bibliographical, documental and empirical research, which was developed through a semi structured interview.
After April 25, 1974, through legal diplomas, democratic management of education was implemented in the Portuguese school system. It first supported different forms of school control exercised at each school and then, in October 1974, it was implemented by regulating and fragmenting school management into three councils. The direct democracy as a key category of the new school management faced the representative and legal form and was held by the guidance of a teacher who should be elected to execute the tasks that were deliberated in general meetings and assemblies. The students’ control that was generalized through the universities and lyceums was the first one to be weakened. After the new constitution was promulgated, in 1976, regulation and control over the organization impacted the teachers. In this work, the education movement is understood as the one that fight for systematized school education with protagonism of the school individuals – teachers and non-teachers, students and responsible – and non-school individuals – social movements, unions, political organizations with or without legal registration. The general objective of this work is to verify and to analyze the origins and the theoretical and practical conceptions of democratic management in the basic and secondary schools on Portugal, their insertion in national decrees (1974-1976) and the acting of political forces and union for a democratic school. The specific objectives are: to analyze the political movement that preceded the process that led to the Carnation Revolution and to the incorporation of the democratic management into national decrees; to verify if the education movements, of teachers and of students claimed the democratic management for the schools in the 1970’s; to examine the political forces and their compositions in Portugal and to inquire if there was a claim for democratic management for schools; to identify the different propositions of democratic management and their disputes; to investigate the democratic management operated in schools between 1974 and 1976. The methodological procedures used were the bibliographical, documental and empirical research, which was developed through a semi structured interview.
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Palavras-chave
Gestão democrática, Revolução dos Cravos, Escola básica e secundária, Democratic management, Carnation Revolution, Basic and secondary schools