Reconstrução filogenética do grupo saltans de Drosophila utilizando marcadores morfológicos e moleculares
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Data
2018-03-05
Autores
Roman, Bruna Emilia
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A reconstrução filogenética é fundamental para o entendimento de muitos fenômenos evolutivos. A obtenção de árvores filogenéticas a partir da utilização de marcadores moleculares distintos aliada à análise de caracteres morfológicos torna-se imprescindível, pois ambas informações são muitas vezes complementares, aumentando a robustez das análises. As espécies do grupo saltans de Drosophila são amplamente distribuídas nas Américas do Sul, Central e do Norte e as informações a respeito da filogenia do grupo presentes na literatura apresentam incongruências. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo reconstruir a filogenia para as espécies do grupo saltans, utilizando 16 das 21 espécies que o constituem. O estudo foi realizado a partir da análise de 48 caracteres morfológicos da terminália masculina por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e marcadores moleculares baseado nas análises dos genes COI e COII. As análises filogenéticas foram realizadas utilizando os critérios de Máxima Parcimônia e Inferência Bayesiana. Uma árvore particionada foi realizada por meio do critério de Inferência Bayesiana para as três partições (morfológica, COI, COII). Os resultados obtidos indicaram o grupo saltans como monofilético. Em geral, as árvores suportaram as relações de parentesco das espécies dentro dos subgrupos sturtevanti e elliptica. O relacionamento do subgrupo sturtevanti foi estabelecido em dois clados irmãos, sendo um composto pelas espécies D. sturtevanti e D. sturt-like e outro por D. dacunhai e D. milleri. O subgrupo elliptica também foi recuperado em dois clados irmãos, um composto por D. emarginata e D. neoelliptica e outro por D. neosaltans. Politomias foram geradas no subgrupo saltans, mas destaca-se que a relação de parentesco entre as espécies irmãs D. austrosaltans e D. saltans e próxima a elas D. nigrosaltans foi bem suportada e corroborada com dados da literatura. Entretanto, o relacionamento entre a maioria das espécies do subgrupo saltans não foi resolvido, e uma das possíveis explicações poderia ser a recente divergência deste subgrupo.
Phylogenetic reconstruction is fundamental to understand many evolutionary phenomena. The obtainment of phylogenetic trees using different molecular markers allied to the analysis of morphological characters becomes essential, due both information are often complementary, increasing the strength of the analyses. The species of Drosophila saltans group are widely distributed in South, Central and North America and the information concerning the group’s phylogeny available on the literature show incongruities. Therefore, the present work aims to reconstruct the phylogeny for this group, using 16 of the 21 species which constitute it. The study was carried out from the analysis of 48 morphological characters of the male Terminalia by Scanning Electron Microscopy, and molecular markers based on the analyses of COI and COII genes. The phylogenetic analyses were performed using the criteria of Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference. A partitioned tree was performed using Bayesian Inference criterion for three partitions (morphological, COI and COII). The obtained results indicated the saltans group as monophyletic. The trees supported the relationship of the species within sturtevanti and elliptica subgroups. The relationship of sturtevanti subgroup was established in two sibling clades, the first one composed by D. sturtevanti and D. sturt-like and the other one by D. dacunhai and D. milleri. The elliptica subgroup was also recovered in two sibling clades, one composed by D. emarginata and D. neoelliptica and another by D. neosaltans. Politomies were generated in the saltans subgroup but we stand out that the relationship among D. austrosaltans, D. saltans and D. nigrosaltans was well-supported and corroborated with data from literature. However, the relationship among most species of the saltans subgroup was not resolved and one of the possible explanations could be the recent divergence of this subgroup.
Phylogenetic reconstruction is fundamental to understand many evolutionary phenomena. The obtainment of phylogenetic trees using different molecular markers allied to the analysis of morphological characters becomes essential, due both information are often complementary, increasing the strength of the analyses. The species of Drosophila saltans group are widely distributed in South, Central and North America and the information concerning the group’s phylogeny available on the literature show incongruities. Therefore, the present work aims to reconstruct the phylogeny for this group, using 16 of the 21 species which constitute it. The study was carried out from the analysis of 48 morphological characters of the male Terminalia by Scanning Electron Microscopy, and molecular markers based on the analyses of COI and COII genes. The phylogenetic analyses were performed using the criteria of Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference. A partitioned tree was performed using Bayesian Inference criterion for three partitions (morphological, COI and COII). The obtained results indicated the saltans group as monophyletic. The trees supported the relationship of the species within sturtevanti and elliptica subgroups. The relationship of sturtevanti subgroup was established in two sibling clades, the first one composed by D. sturtevanti and D. sturt-like and the other one by D. dacunhai and D. milleri. The elliptica subgroup was also recovered in two sibling clades, one composed by D. emarginata and D. neoelliptica and another by D. neosaltans. Politomies were generated in the saltans subgroup but we stand out that the relationship among D. austrosaltans, D. saltans and D. nigrosaltans was well-supported and corroborated with data from literature. However, the relationship among most species of the saltans subgroup was not resolved and one of the possible explanations could be the recent divergence of this subgroup.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Edeago, Especiação, Genes mitocondriais, Microscopia eletrônica de varredura, Terminalia, Aedeagus, Mitochondrial gene, Scanning electron microscopy, Speciation