Preto no branco: as crises políticas institucionais pelas páginas de O Estado de S. Paulo e Ultima Hora (1954/1956)
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Data
2018-03-21
Autores
Fidelis, Thiago [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Partindo do ponto de que a imprensa é um campo no qual, para além do trato da informação e das formas como ela se manifesta, também é um espaço de intervenção social nas suas mais variadas formas, a presente tese buscou compreender a participação no campo político de dois jornais brasileiros, nos períodos entre 1954 e 1956: O Estado de S. Paulo (OESP) e a Ultima Hora (UH). A escolha tanto dos periódicos quanto das datas foi pautada por alguns critérios: a) o recorte temporal foi feito com base no conceito de crise, ou seja, um intervalo de tempo no qual acontecem atos que fogem à norma estruturada. Do ponto de vista político, nesses momentos, ocorreram inúmeros fatos extremos, como o suicídio de Getúlio Vargas e o contragolpe do Marechal Lott, que forneceu bases para a posse de Juscelino Kubitschek e João Goulart; b) na política institucional, havia duas culturas políticas buscando espaço: de um lado, uma cultura política trabalhista, com base em princípios nacionalistas e estatistas instituídos, sobretudo pelo Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB); já do outro lado, havia uma cultura política liberal, pautada em opor todos os princípios defendidos pelo outro grupo, tendo um caráter liberal do ponto de vista econômico, mas conservador do ponto de vista político, sendo representada pela União Democrática Nacional (UDN); c) por fim, os dois jornais escolhidos estavam muito próximos (embora não fossem publicações a serviço dessas agremiações) desses grupos: UH fora criada por Samuel Wainer para ser um espaço dentro do campo jornalístico de apoio a Vargas, uma vez que essa área era hostil ao presidente; e no caso do OESP, o periódico era um dos mais tradicionais críticos ao mandatário nacional, principalmente na figura de seu diretor, Júlio de Mesquita Filho, que fora preso várias vezes e exilado, nos anos 1930 e 1940, durante a primeira passagem de Vargas pelo poder. Assim, a hipótese da tese é de que ambas as publicações, mais do que informar e formar opiniões, buscaram formas de participar ativamente, influenciando diretamente nos acontecimentos políticos brasileiros naquele período bastante conturbado e permeado por uma intensa crise institucional. A pesquisa foi baseada em um levantamento de todas as edições dessas publicações, entre o início do ano de 1954 e janeiro de 1956, quando ocorreu a posse da chapa eleita para o Executivo nacional. No entanto, também foram analisadas outras datas e jornais, embora de maneira esporádica. Para balizar a discussão, foram utilizados os conceitos de cultura política dos cientistas sociais Gabriel Almond e Sidney Verba, além das ideias de habitus, campo e capital, balizadas na perspectiva do cientista social Pierre Bourdieu. Para uma melhor compreensão das ideias por trás dos periódicos, também foi feito um levantamento biográfico sobre os principais nomes que balizavam as opiniões dos jornais: Júlio de Mesquita Filho e Samuel Wainer. Desse modo, a presente tese buscou ser um espaço de análise e reflexão sobre como a imprensa, no contexto estudado, foi uma parte fundamental na organização da política nacional.
Considering that press is a field that, besides dealing with information and with the ways it manifests itself, represents a space of social intervention in many different conceptions, this research intended to comprehend the participation of two main Brazilian Newspapers in political area during the period between 1954 to 1956: O Estado de S.Paulo (OESP) and Ultima Hora (UH). The choice of both papers and of the period was based on the following criteria: a) the segmentation of events related to the concept of crisis, that is to say, a time interval when some non-structured acts happens. From a political point of view, in these moments, there were numerous extreme facts, for instance: Getúlio Vargas's suicide and Marechal Lott's blacklash, that provided the sources for Jucelino Kubtschek's and João Goulart's presidential inauguration; b) in the current institutional policy, there were two political cultures: on one hand, principles of labour, based on nationalism and statism, which were developed by the Partido Trabalhista do Brasil (PTB), and, on the other hand, a liberal perspective, based on opposing all the beliefs defended by the other group. This last Party used to present a liberal economical perception related to a conservative position, being represented by União Democrática Nacional (UDN); c) both Newspapers were very close to these groups (although they were not specific publications organized to serve them). It is important to verify, for example, that UH was created by Samuel Wainer in order to be a journalistic field to support Vargas, once media was a hostile area to the president; and, in OESP’s case, the paper was one of the most traditional reviewer of the national lider, mainly represented by its director, Júlio de Mesquita Filho, who was arrested and exiled, between 1930 and 1940, the first Varga's mandate.Therefore, the hypothesis of this study is that both journals, more than informing and creating opinions, used to develop strategies to effectively participate in politics, by directly influencing Brazilian political events during those turbulent years, permeated by intense institutional crisis. The research promoted a survey in all these papers editions from 1954 to 1956, when occurred the election for National Executive. However, we also analysed other dates and newspapers, although sporadically. In accordance with this discussion, we used the concept of political culture, developed by Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, as well as the notions related to habitus, field and capital, created by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. For a better comprehension of ideas behind the papers, we promoted a research about the main journalists who guided these News: Júlio de Mesquita Filho and Samuel Wainer. Moreover, the present thesis tried to be a space for analysis and reflection about how Brazilian Press, in that historical context, was a fundamental part in national political order
Considering that press is a field that, besides dealing with information and with the ways it manifests itself, represents a space of social intervention in many different conceptions, this research intended to comprehend the participation of two main Brazilian Newspapers in political area during the period between 1954 to 1956: O Estado de S.Paulo (OESP) and Ultima Hora (UH). The choice of both papers and of the period was based on the following criteria: a) the segmentation of events related to the concept of crisis, that is to say, a time interval when some non-structured acts happens. From a political point of view, in these moments, there were numerous extreme facts, for instance: Getúlio Vargas's suicide and Marechal Lott's blacklash, that provided the sources for Jucelino Kubtschek's and João Goulart's presidential inauguration; b) in the current institutional policy, there were two political cultures: on one hand, principles of labour, based on nationalism and statism, which were developed by the Partido Trabalhista do Brasil (PTB), and, on the other hand, a liberal perspective, based on opposing all the beliefs defended by the other group. This last Party used to present a liberal economical perception related to a conservative position, being represented by União Democrática Nacional (UDN); c) both Newspapers were very close to these groups (although they were not specific publications organized to serve them). It is important to verify, for example, that UH was created by Samuel Wainer in order to be a journalistic field to support Vargas, once media was a hostile area to the president; and, in OESP’s case, the paper was one of the most traditional reviewer of the national lider, mainly represented by its director, Júlio de Mesquita Filho, who was arrested and exiled, between 1930 and 1940, the first Varga's mandate.Therefore, the hypothesis of this study is that both journals, more than informing and creating opinions, used to develop strategies to effectively participate in politics, by directly influencing Brazilian political events during those turbulent years, permeated by intense institutional crisis. The research promoted a survey in all these papers editions from 1954 to 1956, when occurred the election for National Executive. However, we also analysed other dates and newspapers, although sporadically. In accordance with this discussion, we used the concept of political culture, developed by Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, as well as the notions related to habitus, field and capital, created by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. For a better comprehension of ideas behind the papers, we promoted a research about the main journalists who guided these News: Júlio de Mesquita Filho and Samuel Wainer. Moreover, the present thesis tried to be a space for analysis and reflection about how Brazilian Press, in that historical context, was a fundamental part in national political order
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Palavras-chave
O Estado de S. Paulo, Ultima Hora, Cultura Política, Habitus, Political Culture