Proposta metodológica para elaboração de cartas SAO terrestre: estudo de caso de trecho da rodovia Wilson Finardi (SP-191)
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Data
2018-05-09
Autores
Leme, Alexandre Magnum [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No Brasil, a rodovia se apresenta como um dos modais mais utilizados para o transporte de derivados do Petróleo, consequente a esse fato os espaços ambientais adjacentes a rodovias se destacam como áreas importantes para mapeamentos de sensibilidade ambiental a derrames de óleo. Dados da CETESB (2009) apontam que no período de 1978 a 2009 cerca de 40% dos acidentes ambientais envolvendo produtos perigosos no Estado de São Paulo foram referentes ao transporte rodoviário. As Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Óleo (Cartas SAO) apresentam o índice de sensibilidade ambiental, obtido a partir de características do meio físico e representado num intervalo de 1 a 10, além de informações bióticas e socioeconômicas, representadas na forma de ícones predefinidos. Estas cartas são importante ferramenta de apoio técnico gerencial para a tomada de decisão no planejamento de ações de emergência, em casos de acidentes envolvendo óleo e são amplamente utilizadas em áreas costeiras, onde são produzidas a partir de adaptações de metodologia elaborada pela National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Não existe, porém, uma padronização destas cartas para ambientes terrestres. A presente pesquisa propõe um índice de sensibilidade terrestre denominado índice socioambiental a derrames de óleo em rodovias (ISS), por contemplar fatores físicos, bióticos e socioeconômicos em sua composição. O presente trabalho realiza também uma comparação entre o resultado do mapeamento realizado com este índice e aquele ancorado somente no meio físico, nos moldes do que é efetuado para ambientes costeiros, como contribuição para a padronização futura das Cartas SAO em ambientes terrestres. Para a elaboração do índice proposto, utilizou-se primeiramente a técnica de Compartimentação Fisiográfica, por meio da qual são estabelecidas áreas com características homogêneas, para posterior classificação da sensibilidade ao óleo. O processo de compartimentação se deu por meio de fotointerpretação de imagens orbitais SPOT 5 e trabalho de campo, o que propiciou a delimitação de 13 Unidades Básicas de Compartimentação – UBCs, classificadas de acordo com cinco parâmetros físicos: declividade, textura e espessura do perfil de alteração do solo , profundidade do nível d’água e densidade de drenagem e cinco parâmetros socioambientais: existência de unidades de Conservação, área ocupada por fragmentos florestais, uso e ocupação do solo, IDHM dos municípios e vulnerabilidade da rodovia. Foram estabelecidos pesos variando de 1 a 3 para cada parâmetro e realizada uma álgebra de mapas no software ArcGIS 10.2.2 (ESRI), para a elaboração das duas cartas de sensibilidade. Na primeira carta, os índices de sensibilidade foram obtidos somente a partir das características do meio físico (IST), enquanto a segunda incorporou na elaboração do índice as características bióticas e socioeconômicas (ISS). Como resultado, a área de estudo apresentou uma maior concentração de índices elevados e intermediários de sensibilidade para o IST e concentração de valores de média a baixa sensibilidade para o ISS. Conclui-se que o índice de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo utilizando os fatores bióticos e socioeconômicas (ISS) é uma representação mais realista das características do meio terrestre, com produção rápida e objetiva e que permite a aplicação em ambientes similares, embora haja necessidade de atualização constante, por incluir características dinâmicas, como as socioeconômicas.
In Brazil, the highway is one of the most used modalities for the transport of petroleum derivatives and because of that the space adjacent to highways stands out as important area for environmental sensitivity mapping to oil spills. Data from CETESB (2009) indicate that from 1978 to 2009, about 40% of the accidents involving dangerous products in the State of São Paulo were related to the road transport. The Environmental Sensitivity Maps for Oil Spills present the environmental sensitivity index obtained from characteristics of the physical environment and represented in a range from 1 to 10, as well as biotic and socioeconomic information, represented as predefined icons. These maps are an important tool for decisionmaking for emergency response in case of accidents involving oil and are widely used in coastal areas, where they are produced based on a methodology designed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). There is, however, no standardization for the terrestrial environment. This research proposes a terrestrial sensitivity index called socio environmental index to oil spills on highways (ISS), considering physical, biotic and socioeconomic factors in its composition. The present research also compares the result of the mapping performed with this index and that anchored only in the physical environment, as applied for coastal areas, as a contribution to the future standardization of the SAO mapping for terrestrial environment. For the proposed index, the Physiographic Compartmentalization technique was applied, in order to establish homogeneous areas, for later classification of their oil sensitivity. This process was performed by the photointerpretation of SPOT 5 images and field work, and 13 Basic Compartmentation Units – UBCs were delimitated and classified according to five physical parameters: slope, texture and thickness of the soil profile, water depth and drainage density and also five socio-environmental parameters: existence of conservation units, area of forest fragments, land cover and landuse, municipalitie´s IDH, and highway vulnerability. Weights ranging from 1 to 3 were established for each parameter and a map algebra was performed in the ArcGIS 10.2.2 software (ESRI), to produce the two sensitivity maps. In the first map, the sensitivity indexes were obtained only from the characteristics of the physical environment (IST), while the second incorporated the biotic and socioeconomic characteristics (ISS) into the index. As a result, the study area presented a higher concentration of high and intermediate sensitivity index for the IST and concentration of medium to low sensitivity index for the ISS. It is concluded that the environmental sensitivity index to oil using biotic and socioeconomic factors (ISS) is a more realistic representation of the terrestrial environment, with rapid and objective production and allows the application in similar environments, although there is a need for updating, because it includes dynamic characteristics, such as socioeconomic ones.
In Brazil, the highway is one of the most used modalities for the transport of petroleum derivatives and because of that the space adjacent to highways stands out as important area for environmental sensitivity mapping to oil spills. Data from CETESB (2009) indicate that from 1978 to 2009, about 40% of the accidents involving dangerous products in the State of São Paulo were related to the road transport. The Environmental Sensitivity Maps for Oil Spills present the environmental sensitivity index obtained from characteristics of the physical environment and represented in a range from 1 to 10, as well as biotic and socioeconomic information, represented as predefined icons. These maps are an important tool for decisionmaking for emergency response in case of accidents involving oil and are widely used in coastal areas, where they are produced based on a methodology designed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). There is, however, no standardization for the terrestrial environment. This research proposes a terrestrial sensitivity index called socio environmental index to oil spills on highways (ISS), considering physical, biotic and socioeconomic factors in its composition. The present research also compares the result of the mapping performed with this index and that anchored only in the physical environment, as applied for coastal areas, as a contribution to the future standardization of the SAO mapping for terrestrial environment. For the proposed index, the Physiographic Compartmentalization technique was applied, in order to establish homogeneous areas, for later classification of their oil sensitivity. This process was performed by the photointerpretation of SPOT 5 images and field work, and 13 Basic Compartmentation Units – UBCs were delimitated and classified according to five physical parameters: slope, texture and thickness of the soil profile, water depth and drainage density and also five socio-environmental parameters: existence of conservation units, area of forest fragments, land cover and landuse, municipalitie´s IDH, and highway vulnerability. Weights ranging from 1 to 3 were established for each parameter and a map algebra was performed in the ArcGIS 10.2.2 software (ESRI), to produce the two sensitivity maps. In the first map, the sensitivity indexes were obtained only from the characteristics of the physical environment (IST), while the second incorporated the biotic and socioeconomic characteristics (ISS) into the index. As a result, the study area presented a higher concentration of high and intermediate sensitivity index for the IST and concentration of medium to low sensitivity index for the ISS. It is concluded that the environmental sensitivity index to oil using biotic and socioeconomic factors (ISS) is a more realistic representation of the terrestrial environment, with rapid and objective production and allows the application in similar environments, although there is a need for updating, because it includes dynamic characteristics, such as socioeconomic ones.
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Palavras-chave
Cartas de sensibilidade ambiental, Petróleo, Geotecnologias, Rodovia, Environmental sensitivity map to oil spills, Oil, Geotechnologies, Highways