Uniformidade na deposição e dinâmica de formulações de diuron e sulfentrazone em solo, palha e plantas de cana-de-açúcar
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Data
2018-05-11
Autores
Matos, Ana Karollyna Alves de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A mistura de herbicidas é uma prática recorrente em diversos países do mundo, e proporciona vários benefícios para o manejo de plantas daninhas. Contudo, em virtude das possíveis interações entre os herbicidas que compõem uma mistura, é necessário o conhecimento dos efeitos da mistura de herbicidas, a fim de determinar os seus possíveis efeitos nas plantas e na dinâmica dos produtos. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação em mistura comercial e mistura em tanque dos herbicidas diuron e sulfentrazone, na dinâmica dos herbicidas em solos e na palha; deposição em campo, e o comportamento em variedades de cana-de-açúcar. Em todos os experimentos foi realizada a aplicação da mistura comercial (Stone®) e mistura em tanque (Herburon 500 BR® + Boral 500 SC®) dos herbicidas diuron e sulfentrazone, nas doses de 1750 g i.a. ha-1 e 875 g i.a. ha-1, respectivamente. No primeiro estudo, avaliou-se os efeitos das formulações na lixiviação dos herbicidas diuron e sulfentrazone em solos com diferentes texturas. Em cada experimento, foi utilizado um solo (textura argilosa, arenosa e média) para preencher as colunas, que após a aplicação das formulações foram submetidas a simulação de diferentes lâminas de chuva (40, 80 e 120 mm). As soluções lixiviadas foram coletadas para posterior detecção e quantificação dos herbicidas, por cromatografia líquida e espectrometria de massas (LC-MS/MS). Para o estudo de dinâmica em palha foram utilizadas cápsulas de laminado de polipropileno preenchidas com palha de cana-de-açúcar (equivalente a 10 toneladas ha-1). Nas cápsulas submetidas à aplicação dos herbicidas, foi realizado nos períodos de 1, 15 e 30 dias após a aplicação (DAA), a simulação de diferentes lâminas de chuva (5, 10, 20, 50 e 100 mm) e coletada a água lixiviada para posterior quantificação cromatográfica. As caldas de aplicação utilizadas foram armazenadas, para posterior determinação da tensão superficial. O experimento de deposição foi realizado a campo, em uma área comercial de plantio de cana-de-açúcar, na qual foi avaliada a deposição dos herbicidas aplicados em mistura comercial e mistura em tanque em alvos artificiais (lâminas de vidro), em diferentes períodos após preparo de calda (0 e 6 horas). Logo após as aplicações, as lâminas foram levadas ao laboratório para extração e quantificação dos herbicidas. No quarto estudo, foram avaliadas a dinâmica de absorção e a taxa de transporte de elétrons em variedades de cana-de-açúcar (RB928064 e a RB855453) após a aplicação das formulações de diuron e sulfentrazone. A análise de absorção foi realizada com a coleta, lavagem e maceração das folhas das plantas, 24h após a aplicação. O monitoramento do fluxo de transporte de elétrons (ETR) foi realizado nos períodos de 0; 1; 5; 24; 30; 54; 78 e 168 horas após aplicação (HAA), por fluorescência da clorofila a em folhas totalmente expandidas. As formulações não influenciaram o potencial de lixiviação dos herbicidas nos solos de textura média e argilosa, porém, verificou-se maior movimentação dos herbicidas no solo arenoso, com a aplicação de mistura em tanque. Na palha, a aplicação da mistura comercial favoreceu a transposição dos herbicidas em comparação à mistura em tanque, mesmo com o maior intervalo entre a aplicação e a ocorrência de chuvas. A aplicação dos herbicidas em mistura comercial resultou em maior uniformidade de deposição no campo dos herbicidas comparada à utilização da mistura em tanque, em especial, quando as aplicações foram realizadas seis horas após o preparo da calda. Nas plantas, verificou-se o aumento na absorção dos herbicidas pelas plantas da variedade RB855453 com a aplicação da mistura comercial, havendo redução no ETR após a aplicação dos herbicidas, sem distinção entre as formulações. A aplicação da mistura comercial melhorou a deposição e a dinâmica em palha dos herbicidas, sem efeitos significativos de fitointoxicação nas plantas ou variação no potencial de lixiviação do diuron e sulfentrazone.
The mixture of herbicides is a recurrent practice in different countries of the world, and provides several benefits for the weed management. However, because of possible interactions between herbicides that compose a mixture, knowledge of the effects of the herbicides mixture is necessary to determine its possible effects on plants and products dynamics. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application in commercial mixture and tank mixture of the herbicides diuron and sulfentrazone, the dynamics of herbicides in soils and straw; deposition on the field, and behavior in sugarcane varieties. In all experiments, the commercial mixture (Stone®) and tank mixture (Herburon 500 BR® + Boral 500 SC®) of the herbicides diuron and sulfentrazone were applied at doses of 1750 g a.i. ha-1 and 875 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. In the first study, were evaluated the effects of the formulations on the leaching of the diuron and sulfentrazone herbicides in soils with different textures. In each experiment, a soil (clayey, sandy and medium texture) was used to fill the columns that after the application of the formulations were submitted to simulation of different rainfalls (40, 80 and 120 mm). The leached solutions were collected for further detection and quantification of the herbicides, by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For the study of dynamics in straw were used polypropylene laminated capsules filled with sugarcane straw (equivalent to 10 tons ha-1). In the capsules submitted to the application of the herbicides was carried out in the periods 1, 15 and 30 days after application (DAA) the simulation of different rainfalls (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mm) and collected leachate water for further chromatographic quantification. The spray solutions used were stored for further determination of the surface tension. The deposition experiment was carried out in the field, in a commercial area of sugarcane plantation, in which was evaluated the deposition of the herbicides applied in commercial mixture and tank mixture in artificial targets (glass slides), in different periods after preparation of spray solution (0 and 6 hours). Soon after the applications, the slides were taken to the laboratory for extraction and quantification of the herbicides. In the fourth study, were evaluated the absorption dynamics and the rate of electron transport in sugarcane varieties (RB928064 and RB855453) after application of diuron and sulfentrazone formulations. The absorption analysis was carried out with the collection, washing and maceration of the plants leaves, 24 hours after the application. Electron transport flux (ETR) monitoring was carried out in periods of 0; 1; 5; 24; 30; 54; 78 and 168 hours after application (HAA), by chlorophyll a fluorescence in fully expanded leaves. The formulations did not influence the leaching potential of the herbicides in the medium and clayey texture soils, however, it was verified a greater movement of the herbicides in the sandy soil, with the application of tank mixture. In the straw, the application of the commercial mixture favored the transposition of the herbicides in comparison to the tank mixture, even with the longer interval between the application and the occurrence of rainfalls. The application of the herbicides in commercial mixture resulted in greater uniformity of deposition in field compared to the use of the tank mixture, especially when the applications were carried out six hours after the preparation of the spray solution. On plants, was verified the increase in herbicide absorption by plants of the variety RB855453 with the application of the commercial mixture, with reduction in the ETR after the application of the herbicides, without distinction between the formulations. Application of the commercial mixture improved the straw deposition and dynamics of herbicides, without significant phytotoxic effects on plants or variation in the leaching potential of diuron and sulfentrazone.
The mixture of herbicides is a recurrent practice in different countries of the world, and provides several benefits for the weed management. However, because of possible interactions between herbicides that compose a mixture, knowledge of the effects of the herbicides mixture is necessary to determine its possible effects on plants and products dynamics. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application in commercial mixture and tank mixture of the herbicides diuron and sulfentrazone, the dynamics of herbicides in soils and straw; deposition on the field, and behavior in sugarcane varieties. In all experiments, the commercial mixture (Stone®) and tank mixture (Herburon 500 BR® + Boral 500 SC®) of the herbicides diuron and sulfentrazone were applied at doses of 1750 g a.i. ha-1 and 875 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. In the first study, were evaluated the effects of the formulations on the leaching of the diuron and sulfentrazone herbicides in soils with different textures. In each experiment, a soil (clayey, sandy and medium texture) was used to fill the columns that after the application of the formulations were submitted to simulation of different rainfalls (40, 80 and 120 mm). The leached solutions were collected for further detection and quantification of the herbicides, by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For the study of dynamics in straw were used polypropylene laminated capsules filled with sugarcane straw (equivalent to 10 tons ha-1). In the capsules submitted to the application of the herbicides was carried out in the periods 1, 15 and 30 days after application (DAA) the simulation of different rainfalls (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mm) and collected leachate water for further chromatographic quantification. The spray solutions used were stored for further determination of the surface tension. The deposition experiment was carried out in the field, in a commercial area of sugarcane plantation, in which was evaluated the deposition of the herbicides applied in commercial mixture and tank mixture in artificial targets (glass slides), in different periods after preparation of spray solution (0 and 6 hours). Soon after the applications, the slides were taken to the laboratory for extraction and quantification of the herbicides. In the fourth study, were evaluated the absorption dynamics and the rate of electron transport in sugarcane varieties (RB928064 and RB855453) after application of diuron and sulfentrazone formulations. The absorption analysis was carried out with the collection, washing and maceration of the plants leaves, 24 hours after the application. Electron transport flux (ETR) monitoring was carried out in periods of 0; 1; 5; 24; 30; 54; 78 and 168 hours after application (HAA), by chlorophyll a fluorescence in fully expanded leaves. The formulations did not influence the leaching potential of the herbicides in the medium and clayey texture soils, however, it was verified a greater movement of the herbicides in the sandy soil, with the application of tank mixture. In the straw, the application of the commercial mixture favored the transposition of the herbicides in comparison to the tank mixture, even with the longer interval between the application and the occurrence of rainfalls. The application of the herbicides in commercial mixture resulted in greater uniformity of deposition in field compared to the use of the tank mixture, especially when the applications were carried out six hours after the preparation of the spray solution. On plants, was verified the increase in herbicide absorption by plants of the variety RB855453 with the application of the commercial mixture, with reduction in the ETR after the application of the herbicides, without distinction between the formulations. Application of the commercial mixture improved the straw deposition and dynamics of herbicides, without significant phytotoxic effects on plants or variation in the leaching potential of diuron and sulfentrazone.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Absorção, Cana-de-açúcar, Deposição, Lixiviação, Mistura comercial, Mistura em tanque