Do exemplo a ser construído: conduta e postura dos clérigos seculares na Castela dos séculos XIV e XV
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Data
2018-09-18
Autores
Cruz, Rodolfo Nogueira da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Durante os séculos XIV e XV, o reino de Castela assistiu a um considerável aumento dos escritos voltados à correção e ao ensino dos homens de Igreja, sobretudo, no que dizia respeito à maneira correta de se portarem e exercerem seus ofícios. Nos livros sinodais e registros dos concílios do reino, bem como em tratados para confessores, livros de apólogos e em outras obras dadas a conhecer por dignidades eclesiásticas daquela época, os clérigos seculares foram frequentemente apresentados como mal instruídos e pouco conhecedores da doutrina. Não era sem o risco de serem penalizados, como indicam tais escritos, que esses homens faltavam com seu dever de ensinar, julgar e gerir os bens eclesiásticos ou pecavam por meio de suas ações desvirtuosas e aparência desonesta. Era-lhes recomendado, assim, que atentassem às regras próprias de seu estado e demonstrassem erudição e decoro. Foi nos séculos XIV e XV, portanto, que os bispos, arcebispos e outros membros do clero reforçaram no reino a ideia de que esse estado possuía a vocação para servir de exemplo a outros fieis. Diante dos leigos na confissão, nas missas, nos banquetes e, amiúde, no momento da transmissão da doutrina nas paróquias e igrejas, os eclesiásticos seculares deveriam se diferenciar dos demais por meio de suas posturas e compromissos. A partir dos escritos que visavam regular a vida cotidiana dos clérigos castelhanos, o objetivo deste estudo é observar de que maneira as autoridades eclesiásticas procuraram forjar uma imagem exemplar desses homens de Igreja.
During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the kingdom of Castile witnessed a considerable increase in the writings devoted to the correction and teaching of the men of the Church, especially concearning to the right way to behave and practice their functions. In the synodal books and records of the kingdom's councils, as well as in treatises for confessors, books of apologists, and in other works produced or spread by ecclesiastical dignitaries of that time, secular clerics were often presented as poorly educated and poorly acquainted with doctrine. It was not without the risk of being penalized, as these writings indicate, that these men lacked their duty to teach, judge, and manage the ecclesiastical goods, or they sinned by their deviant actions and dishonest appearance. They were thus advised to heed the rules proper to their state and to demonstrate erudition and decorum. It was in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, therefore, that the bishops, archbishops and other members of the clergy reinforced in the kingdom the idea that this state had the vocation to serve as an example to other believer. In the face of lay people in confession, masses, banquets, and often at the moment of the transmission of doctrine in parishes and churches, secular ecclesiastics should differentiate themselves from others by means of their postures and commitments. Considering the writings intended to regulate the daily life of the Castilian clerics, the purpose of this study is to observe how the ecclesiastical authorities sought to realize an exemplary image of these men of the Church.
During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the kingdom of Castile witnessed a considerable increase in the writings devoted to the correction and teaching of the men of the Church, especially concearning to the right way to behave and practice their functions. In the synodal books and records of the kingdom's councils, as well as in treatises for confessors, books of apologists, and in other works produced or spread by ecclesiastical dignitaries of that time, secular clerics were often presented as poorly educated and poorly acquainted with doctrine. It was not without the risk of being penalized, as these writings indicate, that these men lacked their duty to teach, judge, and manage the ecclesiastical goods, or they sinned by their deviant actions and dishonest appearance. They were thus advised to heed the rules proper to their state and to demonstrate erudition and decorum. It was in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, therefore, that the bishops, archbishops and other members of the clergy reinforced in the kingdom the idea that this state had the vocation to serve as an example to other believer. In the face of lay people in confession, masses, banquets, and often at the moment of the transmission of doctrine in parishes and churches, secular ecclesiastics should differentiate themselves from others by means of their postures and commitments. Considering the writings intended to regulate the daily life of the Castilian clerics, the purpose of this study is to observe how the ecclesiastical authorities sought to realize an exemplary image of these men of the Church.
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Palavras-chave
Castela, Moral, Clero secular, Séculos XIV-XV, Tratados, Castile, Secular clergy, Treaties, 14th-15th centuries