Implicações clínicas do tabagismo: aspectos funcionais e psicofisiológicos
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Data
2018-08-24
Autores
Silva, Rebeca Nunes
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Introdução: O tabagismo constitui um problema de saúde pública global e seu uso a longo prazo compromete o estado de saúde geral, acarretando em prejuízos no sistema cardiorrespiratório e, portanto, na capacidade funcional, além de também causar efeitos psicológicos importantes. Objetivos: Analisar o impacto do tabagismo nos aspectos funcionais, incluindo transportabilidade mucociliar nasal, função pulmonar e capacidade funcional submáxima, bem como avaliar a correlação entre essas variáveis; analisar os efeitos agudos do fumo na cinética de variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e na percepção subjetiva dos sintomas de dispneia e fadiga durante o exercício, abordando o grau de dependência a nicotina e os efeitos psicológicos causados pela abstinência tabagística e pelo fumo imediato. Métodos: Artigo I: Estudo transversal com 78 indivíduos tabagistas, idade entre 40 e 60 anos, no qual foram avaliadas a função pulmonar (espirometria), capacidade funcional submáxima (TC6) e a transportabilidade mucociliar nasal (TTS); Artigo II: Estudo em modelo cross-over no qual tabagistas com função pulmonar preservada foram estratificados em dois grupos de acordo com o grau de dependência a nicotina, sendo baixo e alto grau de dependência (LND e HND, respectivamente), e foram submetidos ao teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) em duas condições: abstinência tabagística (controle) e imediatamente após fumar. Resultados: Artigo I: A amostra apresentou carga tabagística leve e função pulmonar e valores de TTS normais. A capacidade funcional submáxima apresentou-se normal e as variáveis espirométricas apresentaram correlação positiva com o TC6, enquanto o TTS não apresentou correlação com o TC6; Artigo II: Os valores das variáveis ventilatórias foram menores ao longo dos estágios do TCPE no grupo LND controle. Os valores da FC foram mais baixos no momento controle nos dois grupos (LND e HND) quando comparado ao exercício após o fumo. As sensações subjetivas de dispneia e fadiga de membros inferiores apresentaram aumento significativo no grupo HND controle quando comparado ao fumo, e comportamento oposto foi observado no grupo LND. Conclusões: Tabagistas leves apresentaram função pulmonar, TMC e capacidade funcional submáxima normais. A função pulmonar apresentou correlação com a capacidade funcional, no entanto o mesmo não aconteceu com o TTS em indivíduos tabagistas leves. Além disso, as sensações subjetivas de dispneia e fadiga de membros inferiores durante o exercício são diferentes entre fumantes com alta e baixa dependência a nicotina, sugerindo que o fumo pode ocultar os sintomas durante o exercício em fumantes com alta dependência.
Introduction: Smoking habit is a global public health problem and its long-term use deteriorates overall health, leading to damage to the cardiorespiratory system and therefore to functional capacity, as well as causing significant psychological effects. Aims: To analyze the impact of smoking on functional aspects (nasal mucociliary transportability, pulmonary function and submaximal functional capacity) evaluating the correlation between these variables; to analyze the acute effects of smoking on the cardiorespiratory kinetics and the subjective perception of symptoms during exercise, addressing the psychological effects caused by smoking cessation and immediate smoking. Methods: Article I: A cross-sectional study with 78 smokers, age between 40 and 60 years old, in which pulmonary function (spirometry), functional capacity (six-minute walk test – 6MWT) and nasal mucociliary transportability (Saccharin Transport Time Test – STT) were evaluated; Manuscript II: Non-COPD smokers were stratified in groups according to their nicotine dependence level as low and high nicotine dependence (LND and HND, respectively), and performed treadmill exercise tests in two conditions: smoking abstinence (control) and immediately after smoking. Results: Article I: The sample presented low pack-years and so low smoking history and normal values for pulmonar function and STT. Submaximal functional capacity were normal and spirometry variables related to the pulmonary function had a positive correlation with 6MWT, while STT did not presente any correlation with 6MWT; Manuscript II: Ventilatory variables were lowest across the last stages for LND control. HR were lower on control days for LND and HND when comparing to smoking days. Dyspnea and leg fatigue presented a significant increase for HND control when comparing to smoking day and the opposite was observed in LND smokers. Conclusion: Light smokers presented normal values for pulmonar function, mucociliary clearance and submaximal functional capacity. Pulmonary function presented positive correlation with functional capacity, however it did not happen with between STT and TC6 in light smokers; Besides that, the perceived symptoms of dyspnea and leg fatigue during exercise were diferente between low and high nicotine dependente smokers, suggesting that smoking may hide the symptoms during exercise in smokers with higher nicotine dependence.
Introduction: Smoking habit is a global public health problem and its long-term use deteriorates overall health, leading to damage to the cardiorespiratory system and therefore to functional capacity, as well as causing significant psychological effects. Aims: To analyze the impact of smoking on functional aspects (nasal mucociliary transportability, pulmonary function and submaximal functional capacity) evaluating the correlation between these variables; to analyze the acute effects of smoking on the cardiorespiratory kinetics and the subjective perception of symptoms during exercise, addressing the psychological effects caused by smoking cessation and immediate smoking. Methods: Article I: A cross-sectional study with 78 smokers, age between 40 and 60 years old, in which pulmonary function (spirometry), functional capacity (six-minute walk test – 6MWT) and nasal mucociliary transportability (Saccharin Transport Time Test – STT) were evaluated; Manuscript II: Non-COPD smokers were stratified in groups according to their nicotine dependence level as low and high nicotine dependence (LND and HND, respectively), and performed treadmill exercise tests in two conditions: smoking abstinence (control) and immediately after smoking. Results: Article I: The sample presented low pack-years and so low smoking history and normal values for pulmonar function and STT. Submaximal functional capacity were normal and spirometry variables related to the pulmonary function had a positive correlation with 6MWT, while STT did not presente any correlation with 6MWT; Manuscript II: Ventilatory variables were lowest across the last stages for LND control. HR were lower on control days for LND and HND when comparing to smoking days. Dyspnea and leg fatigue presented a significant increase for HND control when comparing to smoking day and the opposite was observed in LND smokers. Conclusion: Light smokers presented normal values for pulmonar function, mucociliary clearance and submaximal functional capacity. Pulmonary function presented positive correlation with functional capacity, however it did not happen with between STT and TC6 in light smokers; Besides that, the perceived symptoms of dyspnea and leg fatigue during exercise were diferente between low and high nicotine dependente smokers, suggesting that smoking may hide the symptoms during exercise in smokers with higher nicotine dependence.
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Palavras-chave
Tabagismo, Depuração mucociliar, Espirometria, Exercício, Dispneia, Fadiga, Smoking, Mucociliary clearance, Spirometry, Exercise, Dyspnea, Fatigue