Estudo ecotoxicológico de contaminantes de preocupação emergente na baía de Santos, SP
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Data
2018-09-14
Autores
Cortez, Fernando Sanzi
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O amplo uso de fármacos na medicina humana e veterinária tem resultado em problemas ambientais, uma vez que a ocorrência dessas substâncias em ecossistemas aquáticos têm sido demonstrada em regiões que recebem efluentes domésticos e industriais. Embora a ocorrência dessas substâncias no ambiente marinho e estuarino tenha sido amplamente observada, há poucos estudos que abordem a avaliação dos efeitos nocivos em organismos não-alvos, principalmente de áreas tropicais. Dada a importância de conhecer as concentrações ambientais de fármacos em zonas costeiras e estimar os efeitos biológicos adversos em organismos marinhos, o presente estudo visou identificar e quantificar por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas (LC/MS/MS) os fármacos losartan, fluoxetina, metformina, 17 -etinilestradiol, amoxicilina e o antimicrobiano triclosan em amostras de água coletadas na Baía de Santos (SP); avaliar as respostas metabólicas (fases I (etoxiresorufina-O- desetilase/ EROD; dibenzilfluoresceína/ DBF) e II (glutationa-S-transferase/ GST)) do processo de biotransformação; a atividade antioxidante (glutationa peroxidase/ GPx) e estimar os efeitos subletais (lipoperoxidação (LPO), dano em DNA, colinesterase (ChE) e estabilidade da membrana lisossomal (EML)) associados à exposição a essas substâncias (48 e 96 horas), nos tecidos brânquia, glândula digestiva e hemolinfa do molusco bivalve Perna perna. Com o antimicrobiano triclosan foi realizada uma avaliação de risco ambiental empregando dados de toxicidade com invertebrados marinhos. Todos os fármacos estudados foram detectados em amostras de água do mar da baía de Santos, com exceção do 17 -etinilestradiol e da amoxicilina. A investigação dos processos metabólicos envolvidos na biotransformação desses fármacos demonstraram, em geral, alterações na atividade de CYP 450 like proteins, GST e em alguns casos da atividade da GPx nas brânquias. Dentre os biomarcadores de efeito (LPO, DNA, ChE e EML), ocorreram variações de acordo com os fármacos estudados, porém a estabilidade da membrana lisossomal foi o método mais responsivo. A avaliação de risco ambiental realizada com o triclosan apontou risco variando de baixo a alto em função dos parâmetros empregados. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo apontam para o risco relacionado à introdução de fármacos em zonas costeiras via efluente doméstico, e poderão contribuir com futuras regulamentações sobre o tema.
The widespread use of drugs in human and veterinary medicine has resulted in environmental problems, as the occurrence of these substances in aquatic ecosystems has been demonstrated in regions receiving domestic and industrial effluents. Although the occurrence of these substances in the marine and estuarine environment has been widely observed, there are few studies that approach the evaluation of harmful effects in non-target organisms, mainly in tropical areass. Given the importance of knowing the environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals in coastal zones and the adverse biological effects on organisms of these regions, the present study aimed to identify and quantify by mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) the pharmaceuticals losartan, fluoxetine, metformin, 17α- ethynylestradiol, amoxicillin and the antimicrobial triclosan in marine water samples collected in Santos Bay, evaluate the metabolic responses (phases I (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase/EROD, dibenzylfluorescein/DBF) and II (glutathione S-transferase/GST), antioxidant activity (glutathione peroxidase/GPx) and estimate sub-lethal effects (lipoperoxidation (LPO), DNA damage, cholinesterase (ChE) and lysosomal membrane stability (VN)) associated with the exposure to these substances (48 and 96 hours), in the gill tissues (BR), digestive gland (GD) and hemolymph of the marine bivalve Perna perna. With the antimicrobial triclosan, an environmental risk assessment was performed using marine invertebrate toxicity data. All pharmaceuticals compounds were detected in seawater samples, except for the hormone and the antibiotic. The investigation of the metabolic processes involved in the biotransformation of these drugs showed, in general, changes in the activity of CYP 450 like proteins, GST and in some cases of GPx activity in the gills. Among the biomarkers of effect, there were variations according to the drugs studied, but the stability of the lysosomal membrane was the most responsive method. The environmental risk assessment performed with triclosan indicated a risk ranging from low to high depending on the endpoints. The results obtained in the present study point to the risk related to the introduction of drugs in coastal zones through domestic effluent, and may contribute to future regulations on the subject.
The widespread use of drugs in human and veterinary medicine has resulted in environmental problems, as the occurrence of these substances in aquatic ecosystems has been demonstrated in regions receiving domestic and industrial effluents. Although the occurrence of these substances in the marine and estuarine environment has been widely observed, there are few studies that approach the evaluation of harmful effects in non-target organisms, mainly in tropical areass. Given the importance of knowing the environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals in coastal zones and the adverse biological effects on organisms of these regions, the present study aimed to identify and quantify by mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) the pharmaceuticals losartan, fluoxetine, metformin, 17α- ethynylestradiol, amoxicillin and the antimicrobial triclosan in marine water samples collected in Santos Bay, evaluate the metabolic responses (phases I (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase/EROD, dibenzylfluorescein/DBF) and II (glutathione S-transferase/GST), antioxidant activity (glutathione peroxidase/GPx) and estimate sub-lethal effects (lipoperoxidation (LPO), DNA damage, cholinesterase (ChE) and lysosomal membrane stability (VN)) associated with the exposure to these substances (48 and 96 hours), in the gill tissues (BR), digestive gland (GD) and hemolymph of the marine bivalve Perna perna. With the antimicrobial triclosan, an environmental risk assessment was performed using marine invertebrate toxicity data. All pharmaceuticals compounds were detected in seawater samples, except for the hormone and the antibiotic. The investigation of the metabolic processes involved in the biotransformation of these drugs showed, in general, changes in the activity of CYP 450 like proteins, GST and in some cases of GPx activity in the gills. Among the biomarkers of effect, there were variations according to the drugs studied, but the stability of the lysosomal membrane was the most responsive method. The environmental risk assessment performed with triclosan indicated a risk ranging from low to high depending on the endpoints. The results obtained in the present study point to the risk related to the introduction of drugs in coastal zones through domestic effluent, and may contribute to future regulations on the subject.
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Fármacos, antimicrobiano, biomarcadores, Perna perna, poluição marinha, pharmaceuticals, antimicrobial, biomarkers, marine pollution, Perna perna