Determinação social do consumo de drogas: estudo de histórias de vida em uma perspectiva marxista
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Data
2018-06-22
Autores
Moraes, Renata Jacintho Siqueira
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a determinação social do consumo de drogas por uma perspectiva marxista conjugando as contribuições teórico-práticas da Saúde Coletiva e da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. As drogas, consumidas milenarmente na história humana, a partir do modo de produção capitalista tornaram-se mercadoria e como tal passaram a atender necessidades advindas da exploração do trabalho sob condições de alienação e assalariamento, bem como a sua produção-distribuição-consumo tornou-se subordinada à reprodução ampliada do capital. O consumo de drogas passou a ser objeto de intervenção do Estado a partir de práticas no campo da medicalização social, hegemonizado pela perspectiva epidemiológica multicausal e de políticas proibicionistas, que compreendem o consumo entre o campo do transtorno mental e desvio moral. Com vistas à superação destas perspectivas, foi realizada uma investigação teórica articulada com pesquisa de campo, com observação participante, grupos focais e entrevistas com dezenove pessoas que realizam consumo de drogas, vinculadas a um serviço da rede pública de saúde. Com isso, buscou-se entender, por meio da dialética singular-particular-universal, a determinação social do consumo de drogas nas histórias de vida. A análise teve como ponto de partida a caracterização dos valores de uso e valores de troca das drogas na história e na sociedade capitalista em sua fase atual. Também identificamos processos críticos nas dimensões do trabalho, vida cotidiana e consumo, vida ideológica e política e relação com o ambiente, que determinam em condições particulares o consumo de drogas na atualidade. Compreendemos a formação social da personalidade a partir da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural e realizamos a análise dos dados do campo, articulando a vivência dos processos críticos, a constituição da estrutura motivacional e emocional da personalidade e o consumo de drogas, nas histórias de vida dos participantes. Por fim, identificamos que o consumo de drogas é determinado desde os níveis mais estruturais, por processos críticos da vida social, que exigem dos sujeitos um padrão produtivo e reprodutivo sob condições de alienação que se configuram como obstruções ao desenvolvimento de atividades que conferiam sentido de vida, o que conduz a ruptura com os padrões sociais, que por sua vez provocam necessidades menos socialmente mediadas que motivam o consumo de drogas.
This paper had by objective the study of the social determination of the drugs consumption in a marxist perspective, including theoretical and practical contributions from two fields of knowledge: the Colective Health and the Historic-Cultural Psychology. Within the capitalist mode of production the drugs, consumed by humanity since ancient times, became commodities and so started to atend necessities from the work exploitation under conditions of alienation and salaried work, and its production-distribuition-consumption became subordinated by the extended reproduction of the Capital. State interventions started to aim the drugs consumption with practices from the field of the social medicalization, hegemonized by the perspective of the multicausal epidemiology and prohibicionist policies, that understands the consumption as consequence of mental disorder or moral deviation. Aiming to overcome such conceptions, an theoretical insvestigation was conducted with a field research, participant observation, focal groups and nineteen interviews with drugs users who benefited from a service from the public health system. With these resources the aim was to understand, by the singular-particular-universal dialectic, the social determination of the drugs consumption in the life stories. The analysis had as its starting point the description of the use value and exchange value of the drugs in history and in the capitalist society in its current stage. We also identified critical processes in the dimensions of work, everyday life and consumption, ideological and political life and environment relation, wich in perticular conditions determine the drugs consumption in the present. We understand the social formation of personality from the perspective of Historic-Cultural Psychology and made the field analysis articulating the experience of critical processes, the constitution of the motivational e emocional structure of personality and of the drugs consumption in the life stories of the participants. Lastly, we support the thesis that the drugs consumption is rooted in the structural levels of the society, determined by the critical processes of social life wich demands from the individuals a productive and reproductive pattern under alienated circunstances that obstruct the development of activities that used to give personal sense to life, wich leads to ruptures with the social patterns that cause necessities less socially mediated wich leads to drug consumption
This paper had by objective the study of the social determination of the drugs consumption in a marxist perspective, including theoretical and practical contributions from two fields of knowledge: the Colective Health and the Historic-Cultural Psychology. Within the capitalist mode of production the drugs, consumed by humanity since ancient times, became commodities and so started to atend necessities from the work exploitation under conditions of alienation and salaried work, and its production-distribuition-consumption became subordinated by the extended reproduction of the Capital. State interventions started to aim the drugs consumption with practices from the field of the social medicalization, hegemonized by the perspective of the multicausal epidemiology and prohibicionist policies, that understands the consumption as consequence of mental disorder or moral deviation. Aiming to overcome such conceptions, an theoretical insvestigation was conducted with a field research, participant observation, focal groups and nineteen interviews with drugs users who benefited from a service from the public health system. With these resources the aim was to understand, by the singular-particular-universal dialectic, the social determination of the drugs consumption in the life stories. The analysis had as its starting point the description of the use value and exchange value of the drugs in history and in the capitalist society in its current stage. We also identified critical processes in the dimensions of work, everyday life and consumption, ideological and political life and environment relation, wich in perticular conditions determine the drugs consumption in the present. We understand the social formation of personality from the perspective of Historic-Cultural Psychology and made the field analysis articulating the experience of critical processes, the constitution of the motivational e emocional structure of personality and of the drugs consumption in the life stories of the participants. Lastly, we support the thesis that the drugs consumption is rooted in the structural levels of the society, determined by the critical processes of social life wich demands from the individuals a productive and reproductive pattern under alienated circunstances that obstruct the development of activities that used to give personal sense to life, wich leads to ruptures with the social patterns that cause necessities less socially mediated wich leads to drug consumption
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Palavras-chave
Drogas, Saúde Mental, Saúde Coletiva, Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, Marxismo, Drugs, Mental Health, Colective Health, Historic-Cultural Psychology, Marxism